Motivation and Hunger

Motivation

Needs or desires that energize and direct behavior toward a goal.

Instinct

An innate (inborn) pattern of behavior shared by all members of a species.

Drive Reduction Theory

Physiological needs create a drive (state of tension) that motivates behavior to reduce the need and restore homeostasis.

Incentive Theory

Behavior is motivated by external stimuli (rewards or punishments).

Intrinsic motivation

Doing something for internal satisfaction.

Extrinsic motivation

Doing something for external reward or to avoid punishment.

Overjustification Effect

When external rewards reduce intrinsic motivation.

Arousal Theory

People seek an optimal level of arousal (alertness or excitement).

Yerkes–Dodson Law

Performance increases with moderate arousal, but too little or too much reduces performance.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Humans are motivated to satisfy needs in a hierarchical order.

Achievement motivation

Desire to accomplish goals and meet standards of excellence.

Approach–Approach Conflict

Choice between two positive options.

Avoidance–Avoidance Conflict

Choice between two negative options.

Approach–Avoidance Conflict

One choice with both positive and negative aspects.

Multiple Approach–Avoidance Conflict

Two choices that each have pros and cons.

Lateral Hypothalamus

Triggers hunger.

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

Controls satiety (feeling full).

Blood Chemistry

Influences hunger through substances like glucose and insulin.

Set Point Theory

Body tries to maintain a stable weight level.

Obesity

Excess body fat linked to various health problems.

Anorexia Nervosa

Self-starvation leading to extreme weight loss and fear of gaining weight.

Bulimia Nervosa

Cycle of binge eating followed by purging.