3a DIgestion

Liver

RGesponsible for detoxification, metabolism, and the production of important biochemicals such as bile, which aids in digestion and fat absorption.

Gall Bladder

A small organ that stores bile produced by the liver, releasing it into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of fats.

Pancereas

An organ that produces digestive enzymes and hormones, including insulin, playing a crucial role in digestion and blood sugar regulation.

Sensitive Tactile Organs

Sensory fibers on the lips

Oral Vestibule

Small space between the teether and lips/cheek

Incisors

Small teeth found at front of mouth

Canines

pointed long teethe found behind incisors

Premolars

Sharp edged teeth behind the canines

Molars

Large diameter teeth found in the back of mouth

Carnassial Teeth

Modified molars found in some carnivores that are laterally flattened, cut food into small pieces

Diphydonts

Teeth that develop in two sets, primary (deciduous) and permanent, usually seen in mammals.

Heterodonty

Presence of different types of teeth in the mouth, such as incisors, canines, and molars, allowing for varied functions in eating.

Parotid

salivary gland located near the ear that produces serous saliva (watery), aiding in digestion

Mandibular

salivary gland located beneath the jaw that produces mixed saliva (both serous and mucous), contributing to the digestive process.

Sublingual

salivary gland located beneath the tongue that produces mucous saliva, contributing to digestion and oral lubrication.

Prehension

Act of getting food into oral cavity

Mastication

Process of chewing food to break it down into smaller pieces, aiding in digestion.

Papillae

Tiny, projections on the tongue's surface that contain taste buds and aid in the perception of taste.

Tunica Mucosa

The innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract that secretes mucus and absorbs nutrients.

Tunica Submucosa

Layer between the mucosa and muscularis, containing blood vessels, nerves, and glands.

Tunica Muscularis

The layer of muscle responsible for the contraction and movement of the gastrointestinal tract, consisting of both circular and longitudinal muscle fibers.

Tunica Serosa

The outermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract, providing protection and support, consisting of connective tissue and a layer of mesothelium.

Cephalic

phase of digestion initiated by the sight, smell, or thought of food, triggering salivation and gastric secretions before food enters the stomach.

Gastric

Food enters the stomach

Intestinal

Additional breakdown and absorbtion

Esophageal Sphincter

muscle that controls the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach.

Pyloric Sphincter

muscle that regulates the flow of partially digested food from the stomach into the small intestine.

Rugae

Folds in the stomach lining that allow for expansion and aid in digestion.

Fundus

The upper, rounded portion of the stomach, located above the body and serves as a temporary storage area for food.

Cardia

The section of the stomach where food enters from the esophagus, connecting the digestive tract to the stomach.

Pylorus

The lower section of the stomach that connects to the duodenum. It regulates the passage of partially digested food into the small intestine.

Gastrin and Histamines

Hormones involved in gastric function, with gastrin stimulating gastric acid secretion and histamines enhancing the action of gastrin.

Mucous Neck Cells

Produce the mucous lining that protects the epithelium from damage

Parietal Cells

Produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, essential for digestion and absorption of vitamin B12.

Chief Cells

Produce rennin, helps with milk coagulation

Duodenum

the first segment of the small intestine, where most chemical digestion occurs and where bile and pancreatic juices are released.

Jejunum

the middle section of the small intestine, involved in the absorption of nutrients and minerals from food.

Ileium

the final segment of the small intestine, responsible for the absorption of nutrients and bile acids, and connects to the cecum of the large intestine.

Peristalsis

the involuntary contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

Segmentation

the process of rhythmic contractions in the intestines that mix and propel food, aiding in digestion and absorption.

duodenum

the first part of the small intestine, where partially digested food is mixed with bile and pancreatic juices for further digestion.

jejunum

the second section of the small intestine, located between the duodenum and ileum, where most nutrient absorption occurs.

Ileum

the final section of the small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed and undigested material moves to the large intestine.

Hindgut

the posterior part of the digestive tract in some animals, including the cecum, colon, and rectum, responsible for the absorption of water and formation of feces.

Cecum

the pouch connected to the junction of the small and large intestines, playing a role in the fermentation of plant material and absorption of fluids. Controls secretion of bile juice into duodumn

Islets of Lengerhans

clusters of cells in the pancreas that produce hormones such as insulin from beta cells, and glucagon from alpha cells, essential for regulating blood sugar levels.

Gluconeogenisis

the metabolic process through which glucose is synthesized from non-carbohydrate precursors, crucial for maintaining blood sugar levels during fasting.

Portal Triad

The structure found in the liver that consists of a bile duct, a branch of the hepatic artery, and a branch of the portal vein, all enclosed within the portal area.

Autoenzymatic Digesters

Majority of digestion is carried out by enzymes produced by the animals and secreted into digestive tract

Alloenzymatic Digesters

Animals that rely on microorganisms to aid in digestion, as these microbes break down complex food materials into simpler compounds.

Rumen

The first chamber in the stomach of ruminants, where microbial fermentation of ingested food occurs, enabling the breakdown of fibrous plant materials. Looks like rice flakes on it

Reticulum

The second chamber in the stomach of ruminants, located adjacent to the rumen, where further fermentation and mechanical processing of food particles occur before they pass into the omasum. Homey comb structure

Omasum

The third chamber in the stomach of ruminants, which absorbs water and nutrients from the digestive material, characterized by many folds that increase its surface area, dry book pages

Abomasum

The fourth chamber in the stomach of ruminants, known as the true stomach, where enzymatic digestion occurs, breaking down food with gastric juices before it enters the small intestine. Looks like wet book pages

Acetate

A short-chain fatty acid produced during the fermentation of carbohydrates in the rumen, serving as an energy source for ruminants and influencing various metabolic processes.

Propionate

A three-carbon fatty acid produced during fermentation in the rumen, serving as an important energy source for ruminants.

Butyrate

A four-carbon fatty acid produced during fermentation in the rumen, it serves as a primary energy source for the cells of the colon and aids in regulating metabolic processes.

Pharynx

The part of the throat situated behind the mouth and nasal cavity. It plays a crucial role in both the respiratory and digestive systems, serving as a passageway for air and food.

Epiglottis

A flap of tissue located at the base of the tongue. It prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing, directing it into the esophagus instead.

Saccus Cecus

A blind pouch located in the ruminant stomach, specifically in the rumen, that aids in fermentation and digestion.

Lacteal

Lymphatic capillary, absorbs fat in villi of small intestine

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

Glands located in the lining of the small intestine, producing intestinal juices and facilitating the digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Sinusoids

Specialized blood vessels found in the liver, allowing for the exchange of substances between blood and liver cells.

Hepatocytes

Liver cells responsible for metabolic processes, detoxification, and production of bile.

Hepatic Artery

Nutrient blood supply containing oxygenated blood and nutrients

Portal Vien

Carries blood to liver from stomach, and other internal organs