Module 1: Disease and Cellular Response Flashcards

These flashcards cover cellular adaptations, injury mechanisms, cell death, inflammation phases, and the immune response based on the provided lecture notes.

__________ is the body’s ability to maintain a dynamic steady-state of INTERNAL BALANCE or equilibrium.

Homeostasis

An increase in the NUMBER of cells in an organ or tissue resulting from cell replication is called __________.

Hyperplasia

__________ is an increase in cell size due to increased workload or a pathological condition like cardiomyopathy.

Hypertrophy

The cellular adaptation characterized by a REDUCED SIZE of the cell due to disuse or malnutrition is known as __________.

Atrophy

__________ involves the replacement of one cell type with another that can better endure stress, such as callous or scar tissue.

Metaplasia

Abnormal cell growth resulting in abnormal SIZE, SHAPE, or APPEARANCE that often precedes cancerous changes is called __________.

Dysplasia

Highly reactive chemical molecules with an unpaired electron in their outer orbit that cause cell damage are called __________.

Free Radical Injury

Intracellular swelling usually occurs due to hypoxic injury because __________ builds up in the cell due to the breakdown of the sodium-potassium pump.

$$Na^+$$

Calcium builds up inside injured cells due to the breakdown of the __________ pump, leading to inappropriate activation of cellular enzymes.

$Ca^{++}$ – $Mg^{++}$

__________ is controlled cell death or "implosion" where the cell membrane maintains integrity and no inflammatory response is triggered.

Apoptosis

Uncontrolled cell death or "explosion" that releases cell contents into the extracellular space and triggers inflammation is called __________.

Necrosis

The outermost tails of chromosome arms that shorten during replication until the cell can no longer reproduce are called __________.

Telomeres

The acronym S.H.A.R.P. stands for Swelling, Heat, Altered function, Redness, and __________.

Pain

__________ cells line the blood vessels and produce chemicals that control vessel wall permeability and inflammatory response mediators.

Endothelial

The term __________ refers to a higher than normal production of White Blood Cells, which is a common indicator of inflammation or infection.

Leukocytosis

__________ make up $60\%$ of WBCs and are the "First Responders" that increase during acute bacterial infections.

Neutrophils

Lymphocytes that are produced in the __________ gland and provide a cell-mediated immune response are called T cells.

Thymus

__________ immune response is associated with B cells, which are produced in the bone marrow and make antibodies.

Humoral

In the vascular phase of acute inflammation, vasodilation causes __________ and redness (erythema).

Heat

The movement of White Blood Cells through tissue along a chemical gradient is a process called __________.

Chemotaxis

The accumulation of plasma, WBCs, and chemical mediators at the site of injury creates a fluid called __________.

Exudate

A blood test for systemic inflammation that measures the rate at which red blood cells settle is the __________.

ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)

Immature white blood cells are called __________, and their elevation indicates the body has exhausted its supply of adult neutrophils.

Bands

The "worst case scenario" of systemic inflammation characterized by massive vasodilation and multiple organ failure is _________.

SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome)

__________ is an endogenous cytokine that directly affects the temperature set point in the hypothalamus to trigger a fever.

Interleukin 1

The normal temperature range for the body is __________ to __________.

$97.0\,F$ to $99.5\,F$