Module 3 Study Guide

Ch. 7 + 9

Bone functions?

Support, protection, levers for movement, hematopoiesis

Organic components of bone

collagen, flexibility

Inorganic Components of bone

salts, hardness of bone

What give sbones the tensile strength and flexibility?

organic components

What gives bones the hardness?

inorganic components

What are examples and purpose of each bone shape?

Long - Femur, humerous
Short - carpals, tarsals
Flat - cranial
Irregular - Vertebrae

What are the regions of the long bone?

Diaphysis, medullary cavity, epiphysis, proximal/distal, articular cartilage

Where is the epiphyseal plate located?

within metaphysis

How does cartilage play a role in the ephiphyseal plates?

coverse, reduces friction, absorbs shock.

What is the process of endochondrial ossification?

Hyaline Cartilage > cartilage calcifies > ossification center forms > secondary ossification > bone replaces cartilage > lengthwise growth

What is intersitial growth?

expands within with tissue length

What is appositional growth?

increases tissue width adding layers

What hormones are important in bone development and maintenance?

Parathyroid - increases release in calcium
calcitonin - regulation blood calcium levels
calcitriol - stimulates absorption

What is osteopenia?

Osteoblast activity declines, vertebrae looses large amounts of mass

What is osteoporosis?

reduced bone mass, reduced hormones with age, bones mass reduction

What are the classifications of the joints?

Structural - fibrous, cartiliginous, synovial
functional - synarthroses, ampliarthroses, diarthroses

What are the sub classifications of joints?

Gomphoses, sutures, syndesmoses

What are examples of diarthrosis joints?

Ball + Socket, hinge, condyloid

How do diarthrosis joints move?

Freely

Which joints are uniaxial?

Moves in 1 plane/axis

Which joints are biaxial?

Moves in 2 planes/axis

Which joints are multiaxial?

multiple planes/axis

What movements happen at each diarthrosis joint?

Gliding, angular, rotational

What is the opposing movement of Flexion?

extension

What is the opposing movement of hyperextension?

lateral flexion

What is the opposing movement of abduction?

adduction

What is the opposing movement of pronation?

Supination

What is the opposing movement of Depression?

Elevation

What is the opposing movement of Dorsiflexion?

Plantar Flexion

What is the opposing movement of Eversion?

Inversion

What are the functions of the following structure of synovial cavity? Ligaments

Connects bones

What are the functions of the following structure of synovial cavity? Synovial Fluid

lubricates, shock absorber

What are the functions of the following structure of synovial cavity? Bursae

Alleviate, function

What are the functions of the following structure of synovial cavity? Meniscus

cushion

What is Osteoarthritis?

older individuals, degenerative joints, worn down joints

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

younger women, autoimmune, synovial membrane inflammation

What is gouty arthritis?

Older + middle aged men, increased uric acid

What bones articulate in each of the diarthrosis joints? Shoulder

head of humerus + glenoid activity

What bones articulate in each of the diarthrosis joints? Elbow

trochlear notch of ulna + humerus

What bones articulate in each of the diarthrosis joints? Hip

head of femur + acetabulum of os coxa

What bones articulate in each of the diarthrosis joints? Knee

Condyles of femur + tibia

What bones articulate in each of the diarthrosis joints? Ankles

between distal end of tibia + talus

What are the microscopic structures of the bone?

Central canal, concentric lamellae, osteocytes, canaliculi, perforating canals, circumferential lamellae, interstitial lamellae, trabeculae, parallel lamellae

What does the central canal do?

center of osteon, blood vessels extend thru

What does concentric lamellae do?

surround central canal

What does Osteocytes and Parallel lamellae do?

Bone Matrix

What does the canaliculi do?

exchange nutrients

What does the perforating canals do?

connects central canal with osteons

What does the circumferential lamellae do?

entire circumference of bone

What does the interstitial lamellae do?

it is between osteons

What does trabeculae do?

Resistance to stress