5.2 Internal migration (within a country)

Rural-urban and urban-rural movements: their causes and impacts on source areas and receiving/destination areas including population structures. Stepped migration within the settlement hierarchy and urban-urban movements. Causes and impacts of intra-urban movements (within urban settlements).

What does macro scale mean?

Colonial roots, transition from traditional societies to capitalism, currently occurring in LIC’s, and previously occurred in a HICs.

Make generalisations, doesn’t account why people do/don’t migrate in the same situation

What does meso scale mean?

Considers push/pull factors, movement based, mainly on economic with some social factors, regional rather than national. Doesn’t view source regions as differentiated.

Micro scale:

Fuse migration, on individual basis, acknowledges, migration stream, includes factors, such as: income, stage in life, education

Doesn’t consider migration patterns

Causes of rural-urban migration

• poverty

• Low

• Unemployment

• Poor manatees and services

• Farming recognition reduces the need for jobs

• Natural disasters

• Economic development results in service improvement in route areas, leading to rural population growth and more people move out to find employment

• Low barriers to stop people trying

Source impacts of rural to urban migration

• remittances return to families - improvement in rural areas

• Separated families

• Young males move, leaving children to work an elderly uncared-for

• Young men, typically, my Great, leaving the woman’s head of household, giving him increase social status of the community

• Women are left to do extra work

• Children have to work, missing out education and future prospects

• Remittances can be used to invest in new farming techniques, changing the farm from substance to commercial

Destination, impact of rural to urban migration

• pressure on housing, water, supplies and services

• People live in poor condition is due to lack of housing

• Shortage of jobs leads to informal economy created

• No tax paid

• More pollution and landfill sites

• Increasing pressure on job opportunities

• Increase in crime and poverty

Example of rural to urban migration

Brazil (BRIC - MIC) : movement to big cities - São Paulo

Río de Janeiro

Belo Horizonte

Cities in east coast

Porto Alegre

Anomalies

Brasilia - not on coast

Manaus = in Amazon

Push factors: (Brazil internal migration)

• rural population growth - death rates have fallen, causing populations to grow farmers, unable to support all the extra people

• Mechanisation of agriculture has reduced demand for farm labour. This has led unemployment. - Northeast Brazil

• Amalgamation of farms by agribusinesses loss of ownership of land leads to economies of scale.

• Poor working conditions in route, areas and exploitation of workers/ ignore laws relating to minimum wage in workers rights

• Natural: floods/drought in North East Brazil

• Unemployment/underemployment insignificant

• Social conditions are poor housing, health education

• Desertification in north-west/deforestation in North

Pull factors (broil internal migration)

PERCEIVED

• greater likelihood of paid employment – mainly in the informal sector

• Developing new skills

• Industries, grown cities, imports offering better paid job some more secure

• Cities of a wider range of unskilled and semi skilled jobs

• Better health and education services, a key pull for migrants with children

• Most migrants end up, living in favelas (shanty towns) but the still of a better housing than rural areas

• Greater access to retail services

• Cultural and social attractions of large cities

• Better Internet service

Overview of Brazil internal migration:

1. Countrywide causes

2. Regional

3. Norths nd central west regions

4. South east and south

1. Low rural incomes - limited land ownership and variable climate conditions

2. Large scale commercial agriculture in south and south east - limited number of jobs available to unskilled rural labourers

3. Highest net influx of population

4. Received larger numbers of migrants - São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro

Define internal migration

Movement of people within one country

Obstacles to internal migration?

• language barrier

• Distance

• Visa/ work permit

What are all the different types of internal migration?

1. Rural to rural

2. Rural to urban urbanisation)

3. Urban to urban (stepped)

4. Urban to rural (counter urbanisation)

5. Intra-urban migration

Who is migrating? - Brazil

1. Age 18-35

2. Males (farm workers)

3. Females for jobs in health services, child care, domestic etc

Rio grande do sol state:

10.8 mill population

Over 80% urban

decrease BR 1980(32.4%) to 2020 (20.8%)

Increase DR 1980: 4.7% to 2010: 9.3%

What is stepped migration?

Start in small town or whatever and go into larger towns etc.

Why might a stepped approach for a migrant from a rural area be more manageable?

Time to adjust.

Increase economic stability.

What is chain migration?

Process occurs when after one or a small number of pioneering migrants have led the way, others from the same rural community follow

What is urbanisation?

Increase in proportion of people in an area (country) living in towns or cities

Causes of urbanisation

1. Globalisation

2. Rural to urban migration

3. BR > DR = natural increase

Counter urbanisation:

Urban to rural

Where is counter urbanisation happening?

HICs

Who is migrating? Urban to rural

Young families:

• more green space

• Quieter/ safer

• Bigger houses

Middle class families

• aspirational + now can afford it ✔

• Post-COVID: people want to WFH. Move to commuter belt

Young professionals

Retired (affluent/ healthy)

Example of movement from urban to rural (counterurbanisation)

London to SE areas of England

Push factors or people going from London to SE England

• crime rates and perception of crime

• Congested → stressful, got to be fit, asthma (lots of co2 and pm10s)

• Cost of living -expensive house prices

Problems caused for London

• revenue for local councils reduce

• Depopulation lead to not having threshold pop

• Dereliction

Impacts for the rural destination

house prices pushed up - selective, positive multiplier effect

Although others are priced out of the market.

Traditional rural services start to close as new pop relies on services if the urban environment such as the supermarket.

Service that survive need to change to meet the needs of the new pop.

Country roads → normal to support commuting to work and reduce congestion.

Commute villages grow in size - start to become more urban in their nature - urban-rural fringe

Why are loads of houses being built in rural areas?

• slight pop increase

• Second property

• Lots of internal and international migration

• Farmers selling land to meet demand => new housing stock (family homes, bungalows or sheltered accommodation to meet needs for different sections of society)

What is intra-urban?

People move from one urban area to another

• e.g town to town / town to city/ city to city

Movement of middle class’s resident

• children in send me detached house

• Leave uni and move into rented flat close to job in CBD

• Marries and moves into a private semi detached house close to good school for children

• Promotion at work allows more move to a private detached house in affluent modern suburb

• Retires to a large house in rural urban fringe, close to new edge of town, retail park for shopping