musculoskeletal micro 3 patho

Causes of osteoprosis

The rate of bone reabsorption is greater than the rate of bone formation

Osteoblasts

bone forming cells

Osteoclasts are

Bone-destroying cells

cancellous bone

spongy bone

cortical bone

compact bone

osteoporosis idiopathy

Age, genetics, estrogen levels, smoking, physical inactivity diet low in Vit D and calcium

displaced fracture

A fracture in which bone fragments are separated from one another and not in anatomic alignment.

complete fracture

broken all the way through

depressed fracture

broken bone portion is pressed inward

incomplete fracture

bone is not broken all the way through

open fracture

bone fracture that breaks through the skin

transverse fracture

occurs straight across the bone

spiral fracture

a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart

communited fracture

bone is splintered or crushed

impacted fracture

broken bone ends are forced into each other

greenstick fracture

bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children

longitudinal fracture

a fracture that runs parallel to the long axis of the bone

oblique fracture

occurs at an angle across the bone

stress fracture

break caused by abnormal trauma to a bone

avulsion fracture

fragment of bone chipped away from the main bone

delayed healing

Bone fracture not healing within expected time

osteonecrosis

death of bone tissue due to insufficient blood supply

Osteomyelitis

infection of the bone

compartment syndrome

involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles

Osteomyelitis (in depth)

Severe pyogenic infection of bone and local tissue that requires urgent treatment

Cause: infection elsewhere in body infects bone via blood circulation. S. aureus and S pneumoniae are primary organisms.

Sxs: fever, fatigue, anorexia, nightsweats, weight loss, pain.Cau

Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES)

fat globules are released into the blood stream (12-48 hours after injury) and lodge in vasculature of lungs

deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolization (PE)

caused by immobilization

Neurovascular injury

an injury that involves nerves and blood vessels. Also called neurovascular compromise.

strain

A condition resulting from damaging a muscle or tendon

sprain

injury to a ligament

Rickets

Disorders characterized by soft, weak bones

Associated with vitamin D deficiency; Vit D deficiency prevents maintenance of normal levels of calcium and phosphorus.

Cartilage fails to calcify; cartilage is not replaced by bone and continues to enlarge; bone is poorly calcified and less rigid. Bones most affected: skull, pelvis, spine, leg bones.

Sxs/Common conditions: growth retardation, bowleg, knock-knee, delayed eruption of teeth, decreased muscle tone.

Paget's disease

• Chronic (long-lasting) disorder that causes bones to grow larger and become weaker than normal.

• Slowly progressive metabolic bone disease characterized by an initial phase of excessive bone resorption, mediated by osteoclasts, followed by excessive bone formation

• Manifestations/Sxss: Stiffness, fatigue, bones tend to bend, bone pain, misshapen bones or bone fractures may result; inflammation and arthritis in the joints.

Causes of compartment syndrome

volume is expanding in a confined area, pressure reduces capillary flow. Muscle and nerves become ischemic, with a resultant excruciating pain and tissue damage

ankylosing spondylitis

Arthritis in the joints and ligaments of the spine. Causes: strong genetic component. Sxs: persistent low back pain, stiffness, gradual loss of mobility

causes of gout

• excessive production of uric acid

• impaired renal excretion of uric acid

• ACUTE is from traumatic event, a surgical procedure, an acute illness, or use of alcohol or medications.

Causes of osteoarthritis

Factors that increase "wear and tear" on joints, e.g., obesity, joint trauma, congenital disorders like hip dysplasia; post-menopause, genetics.