APUSH Unit 3: 1754-1800 - French & Indian War to Constitution

What was the French and Indian War a part of?

The larger global conflict known as the Seven Years' War.

What territorial disputes led to the French and Indian War?

Disputes in the Ohio River Valley between British American colonists and the French.

Who was George Washington in the context of the French and Indian War?

A lieutenant colonel in the Virginia militia sent to warn the French.

What was the Albany Congress?

A meeting to discuss a coordinated colonial response to defense, trade, and expansion, inviting Iroquois Confederacy delegates.

What was the Albany Plan of Union?

A proposal by Ben Franklin for a council of representatives from the colonies to address issues like defense and trade.

What year did the French and Indian War begin?

1754.

What was one consequence of the French and Indian War regarding land?

It pushed British American colonists westward into Native American territories.

What did the Proclamation Line of 1763 establish?

It forbade colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.

What was 'taxation without representation'?

The colonial grievance against British taxes imposed without colonial representation in Parliament.

What was the purpose of the Quartering Act of 1756?

To keep British soldiers stationed in the colonies, requiring colonists to provide food and housing.

What did the Sugar Act impose?

Taxes on luxury items and enforcement of existing taxes on molasses.

What was the Stamp Act?

A tax on all paper items produced in the colonies.

What was the response of the colonists to the Stamp Act?

Formation of the Stamp Act Congress to demand repeal due to taxation without representation.

What were the Townshend Acts?

Laws passed in 1767 to tax imported items like paper, tea, and glass.

What event is known as the Boston Massacre?

A confrontation in 1770 where British soldiers shot into a crowd, killing four colonists.

What was the Tea Act of 1773?

A tax on tea that granted Britain exclusive rights to sell tea to the colonies.

What was the Boston Tea Party?

A protest in 1773 where colonists dumped British tea into Boston Harbor.

What were the Intolerable Acts?

A series of punitive laws passed by Parliament in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party.

What was the Olive Branch Petition?

A final attempt by the colonists to avoid war by seeking reconciliation with Britain.

Who wrote 'Common Sense' and what was its significance?

Thomas Paine; it argued for independence from Britain and spread Enlightenment ideas.

What did John Locke's 'Two Treatises of Government' advocate?

The ideas of consent of the governed, natural rights, and self-rule.

What was the role of the Second Continental Congress?

To manage the colonial war effort and eventually declare independence.

When was the Declaration of Independence accepted?

July 2, 1776.

What was the significance of the Battles of Lexington and Concord?

They were the first military clashes of the American Revolutionary War.

What was the composition of colonial sentiment during the Revolution?

1/3 wanted independence, 1/3 were neutral, and 1/3 were loyalists.

Who was appointed as the general of the Continental Army?

George Washington.

What was the initial condition of the Continental Army in the first six months?

They did not win a single conflict and were poorly armed and trained.

How many troops did the British general bring to New York?

10,000 troops, along with 60,000 loyalists.

What strategy did Washington employ against the British?

A war of attrition to tire out the British forces.

What did the British offer to enslaved people who fought for them?

Freedom.

What significant event occurred on Christmas Eve in 1776?

Washington led his troops across the Delaware River and won a battle against British soldiers.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Saratoga?

It was a major turning point in the Revolutionary War, leading to French support for the Americans.

What was the significance of the Battle of Yorktown?

It was the final battle of the war, resulting in British surrender.

What did the Paris Peace Treaty of 1783 accomplish?

It ended the war and recognized America as an independent nation.

What was the Articles of Confederation?

The first constitution of the United States, lasting from 1781 to 1789, establishing a weak central government.

What was a major flaw of the Articles of Confederation?

It created a weak central government that could not enforce tax laws or regulate commerce.

What was Shays's Rebellion?

An uprising of Revolutionary War veterans in Massachusetts that highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

What was the purpose of the Constitutional Convention in 1787?

Originally to revise the Articles of Confederation, but resulted in the creation of a new Constitution.

What was the Virginia Plan?

A proposal for a bicameral legislature with representatives based on population.

What was the New Jersey Plan?

A proposal for a unicameral legislature with equal representation for each state.

What is the Great Compromise?

The agreement that established a bicameral legislature with representation based on population in the House and equal representation in the Senate.

What was the Three-Fifths Compromise?

An agreement that counted each enslaved person as three-fifths of a person for representation purposes.

How often are members of the House of Representatives elected?

Every 2 years.

How are Senators elected?

Originally by state legislatures, now by popular vote every 6 years.

What is the Electoral College?

A body of representatives from each state that formally elects the president and vice president.

What did the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 accomplish?

It promoted public education, protected private property, abolished slavery in the Northwest Territory, and provided a process for territories to apply for statehood.

What was the impact of revolutionary ideals on societal inequality?

Concerns grew over issues like slavery as the Revolution was fought on the basis of equality and liberty.

What role did women play during the Revolutionary War?

Women took over male roles and formed associations to support the war effort.

What was Republican Motherhood?

The idea that women needed to be educated to raise sons who could participate in democracy.

What was the outcome of the Haitian Revolution?

It led to the establishment of Haiti as the first black-led nation and the first successful slave revolution.

How did the Revolutionary War inspire other movements?

It inspired the French Revolution and various Latin American independence movements.

What were the limitations of the national government under the Articles of Confederation?

It lacked the power to impose taxes, regulate commerce, or raise an army.

How are electors assigned to each state in the Electoral College?

Each state is assigned electors equal to their number of representatives in the House and Senate.

What is the outcome if a candidate receives the most electoral votes?

That candidate wins the presidency.

Why did the Founders choose an indirect democracy?

They did not trust the will of everyday people.

How many states needed to ratify the Constitution for it to become law?

9 out of 13 states.

Who wrote the Federalist Papers?

James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay.

What did Anti-Federalists fear about the Constitution?

They believed it would create a strong federal government with no protection for individual liberties.

What compromise did Federalists make to secure ratification of the Constitution?

They agreed to add the Bill of Rights after ratification.

What is federalism?

The sharing of power between the national government and state governments.

What does the Supremacy Clause state?

Federal law is superior to state law.

What does the 10th Amendment stipulate?

Powers not given to the federal government are reserved to the states or the people.

What is the purpose of the separation of powers in the Constitution?

To prevent any one branch of government from becoming too powerful.

Who was the first president of the United States?

George Washington.

What was the purpose of Alexander Hamilton's National Bank?

To unify the states and improve credit by absorbing state debts.

What was the Proclamation of Neutrality?

A declaration by Washington to keep the US neutral during the French Revolution.

What was the outcome of Jay's Treaty?

Britain agreed to give up its posts on the western frontier but did not address ship seizures.

What did Pinckney's Treaty accomplish?

It allowed the US to use the port at New Orleans for trade along the Mississippi.

What sparked the Battle of Fallen Timbers?

Conflicts with Native Americans in the Ohio River Valley.

What was the Whiskey Rebellion?

A revolt by farmers against a tax on whiskey, quelled by Washington's use of federal troops.

What characterized the Federalist political party?

Support for a strong central government and pro-British policies.

What characterized the Democratic-Republican political party?

Support for states' rights and pro-French policies.

What was Washington's warning in his Farewell Address?

He warned against the dangers of factions and entangling alliances.

What was the XYZ Affair?

A diplomatic incident where French officials demanded a bribe from US delegates.

What did the Alien and Sedition Acts do?

Allowed the government to imprison or deport non-citizens and made it illegal to criticize the government.

What were the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions?

Statements asserting that states could nullify federal laws deemed unconstitutional.

What was the concept of Republican Motherhood?

The idea that women should be educated to raise informed citizens for democracy.

How did early American identity manifest in art and literature?

Through works that reflected American values and historical events, influenced by European styles.

What was the significance of Thomas Jefferson's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?

It defined the separation between church and state and prohibited forced support of churches.