History 1010 Morris Bian Exam 3

Aphrodite

- goddess of love, beauty, and fertility

- it's the best known work of sculpture dating from the Hellenistic Age (323-50 BC). Ca. 150 BC

Philology

- study and analytics of ancient texts

- one of the most celebrated humanist skills

- Lorenzo Valla demonstrated that it had important practical applications

Indulgence Controversy

- an indulgence is the remission of punishment because a sin already committed has been forgiven

- it's granted by the church when the sinner confesses and receives absolution

- when given, the church is extending merit to a sinner from its treasure house of merit

Predestination

- refers to the doctrine that god has foreordained all things, especially that god has elected certain souls to eternal salvation

- became the central focus of succeeding generations of Christians

- Calvin referred to it as "eternal decree"

Geneva Church

structure under Calvin

- pastors: preaching the word to their congregation

- doctors: Christian theologists; studied and wrote

- deacons: laymen who were chosen to oversee institutions of social services and welfare

- elders: governors in charge of all moral matters

Geocentric Model

- Claudius Ptolemy (100-170 CE) of Alexandria: synthesized Greek knowledge of the known universe

Isaac Newton

- wrote the book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687)

- argued that a law of universal gravitation regulates the motions of bodies throughout the universe

King Henry II

- (1154-1189) tried to bring about administrative centralization by establishing royal courts in various parts of England

- during his reign we saw the production of the first written legal textbook in the history of England, a document that provided the basis of today's Common Law

Nation-State

- refers to a territorial association that claims supremacy over all other associations within its boundaries

- characterized by its independent power to compel obedience from the populations within its territories

Huguenots

- the name of Calvinists in France

- 40-50% of the French Nobility

- 7% of the total population

- the Edict of Nantes guaranteed that they had the right to worship and enjoy political privileges

Thirty Years' War

- (1618-1648) the last of the religious wars

- catholic forces were led by the Holy Roman Emperors form the Hapsburg family

- protestant forces were led by nobles of Bohemia, which is a historical region of the Czech Republic

- gave rise to the extensive use of the musket

- the phalanx was still used during the war

Michelangelo

best represented the spirit of renaissance in terms of individual ability, creativity, and potentiality

Petrach

(1304-1374) known as the father of renaissance humanism

Lorenzo Valla

- demonstrated that philology had important practical applications

- proved in 1440 that the donation of Constantine was a forgery

- by applying historical and philological critiques to the text, he revealed that the document couldn't have been written earlier than the 8th century because some of the words didn't exist at that time

Renaissance

- marked the revival of Europe's primary intellectual and artistic tradition, hence suggesting change within existing tradition

- marked the revival of a primary tradition that emphasizes secular concerns, human rationality, human potentiality, and human ability

Martin Luther

- developed the new doctrine of protestant reformation: salvation or justification by grace through faith alone

- nailed his 95 propositions to the castle church door in 1517

- was protesting claims made by a papal representative that the buying of indulgences would advance salvation

John Calvin

- (1509-1564) initiator of protestant reformation in France and Switzerland

- (1536) published a book entitled The Institutes of the Christian Religion

- ^ masterful synthesis of protestant thought, a manual for church organization, and a work that secured his reputation as one of the new leaders of protestant reformation

Claudius Ptolemy

- (100-170 CE) of Alexandria, who synthesized Greek knowledge of the known universe

- geocentric model

Scientific Revolution

- the pioneer was a monk and a mathematician Nicholas Copernicus

- y extending and translating the result, it established the basic framework for modern Western intellectual life

Nicholas Copernicus

- pioneered the scientific revolution

- was a monk and a mathematician

- found a mathematically simpler solution by switching the position of the sun and earth

- heliocentric model

Enlightenment

a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries, which was marked by a rejection of traditional cultural and religious ideas and an emphasis on reason and rational analysis

Consequences of Enlightenment

- emphasizing secular rather than religious thinking, it outlined a rationalistic approach that continues to characterize Western intellectual arsenal

- by extending and translating the result of the scientific revolution, it established the basic framework for modern Western intellectual life

King John

- (1199-1216) the nobles rebelled against monarchical power during his reign

- forced to sign the Magna Carta

Philip the Fair

- (1285-1314) the king of France

- the three estates: clergy, nobility, townspeople

- the first monarch to consult systemically with representative bodies in French history

Joan of Arc

- savior of France

- made a major contribution to the eventual French victory during the Hundred Years' War

Hundred Years' War

- canons were introduced here

- consequences:

- led to the establishment of a regular system of taxation in England and France

- strengthened existing tendencies in state-building in England and France

Wars of Religion

were a product of reformation ideologies

King Henry IV

(1589) formerly Henry of Navarre; issued the Edict of Nantes

Edict of Nantes

(1598) acknowledged Catholicism as France's official religion, but it also guaranteed the Huguenots the right to worship and to enjoy political privileges

King James I

- (1603-25) succeeded Elizabeth I

- conflict between him and parliament:

- political conflict over the source and extent of royal power - divine right of kings vs. parliament as the equal partner of the king

- religious conflict over doctrines and practices revolving around the Church of England - the king's defense of the church alienated a group of protestants known as Puritans

King Charles I

- (1625-49) political and religious conflict reached a critical point under him

- defeated by Oliver Cromwell's new model army

- executed in January 1649

Petition of Right

- prohibited: taxes without parliament's consent

- prohibited: arbitrary imprisonment

- prohibited: the quartering of soldiers in private homes

- prohibited: the declaration of martial law in peacetime

Declaration of Rights

- (1689) it reasserted the fundamental principles of constitutional monarchy as they had developed over the previous half of a century

- specifically, it affirmed the right of parliament, not the king, to make laws and levy taxes

- it helped fashion a system of government based on the rule of law and freely elected parliament, thus laying the foundation for a constitutional monarchy

The Toleration Act

- (1689) it granted Puritan dissenters the right of free public worship

- although it did not mean complete religious freedom and equality, it marked an important departure in English history, for a few people would ever again be prosecuted for religious reasons

Bureaucracy

- administration of a government chiefly through bureaus or departments staffed with non elected or appointed officials

- more broadly, the term refers to a type of human society characterized by the existence of and dominance by one

Hemudu Culture

- dates from 5000 BC

- its discovery demonstrates (1) such a belief is not valid, and (2) the Chinese civilization has several or multiple cradles or birthplaces

Xia Dynasty

- (2200-1776 BC) popularly regarded as historical but not verifiable (no evidence to prove its existence)

Shang Dynasty

- (1776-1122 BC) the first confirmed dynasty in Chinese history

Oracle Bones

"dragon bones"; animal bones or turtle shells used for divination purposes

Significance of the Oracle Bones

- they tell us about the Shang king's daily activities and concerns

- the inscriptions on the oracle bones provide us with evidence of the foundation of the Chinese language

- the inscriptions on the oracle bones provide independent confirmation of the historical existence of the Shang dynasty

Decentralization

refers to the distribution of administrative functions of powers of a central authority among different governmental organizations as well as different local authorities

Mencius's Major Contributions to Confucianism

- the belief that human nature is potentially good

- Mencius revised the theory of the Mandate of Heaven developed by the Zhou rulers

Mandate of Heaven (Mencius)

Mencius revised the theory of the Mandate of Heaven developed by the Zhou rulers. In Mencius's version, the people were a key element in the theory of the Mandate of Heaven. For Mencius, the Mandate of Heaven manifested itself only through the acceptance of a ruler by his people. Mencius's redefinition made welfare of the people the ultimate standard for judging government.

Confucianism

- emerged in response to the sustained systemic crisis of Chinese society.

- the Confucian solution to the crisis was restoration of traditions, cultivation of virtuous rulers and individuals, and the establishment of government by moral examples. It was moral and ethical in character.

- represented an intellectual response to the sustained crisis, although they prescribed radically different solutions

Han Feizi

(280-233 BC) the greatest synthesizer of legalist teachings

King Henry VIII

(1491-1547) England became a protestant state under him

English Parliament

key representative institution resulted directly from the joint assembly of noble representatives and magnates during the late 13th century and indirectly and fundamentally from the sustained conflict between the monarchy and the nobility

Puritans

- religious conflict over doctrines and practices revolving around the Church of England - the king's defense of the church alienated a group of protestants known as

- wanted to purify the Church of England from the remnants of the Roman catholic Popery (referring to the doctrines, practices, and rituals of the Roman catholic church)

Elect

Calvin called it, this "eternal decree" meant that God had predestined some people to be saved

Reprobate

Calvin referred to these people as those that are damned

Theory of Social Contract

embodied the attempt of enlightenment thinkers to subject human society to rational and critical analysis

Hugh Capet

in 987, the Frankish nobles chose him as king, thus establishing the Capetian Dynasty

Phalanx

- refers to the formation of infantry carrying overlapping shields and pikes

- developed by Philip II of Macedonia during the 4th century BC, was still used during the Thirty Years' War

Popery

refers to the doctrines, practices, and rituals of the Roman catholic church

Yang-Shao Culture

- dates from 5000 BC

- the typical Neolithic man of North China was a farmer

Centralization

refers to the process of bringing administrative power under a single, central, and typically imperial authority

Legalism

represented an intellectual response to the sustained crisis, although they prescribed radically different solutions

David

- constructed by Michelangelo

- embodies the revival of classical tradition in sculpture

Institutes of the Christian Religion

book published in 1536 by John Calvin; a masterful synthesis of protestant thought, a manual for church organization, and a work that secured his reputation as one of the new leaders of protestant reformation

William the Conqueror

invaded England (1066) marked the beginning of late medieval England

Musket

a gun; the Thirty Years' War gave rise to the extensive use of this

Oliver Cromwell

created the new model army that defeated King Charles forces

Estates General

those right below King Philip in French History

King William and Queen Mary

parliament read them the declaration of rights on February 2, 1689

Mencius

- a major contributor to Confucianism

- believed that in the beginning human nature is good

Castle Church

Martin Luther nailed his ninety-five propositions here in 1517

John Locke

- used to illustrate the attempt of enlightenment thinkers to rationally analyze human society

- his is the theory of social contract

Magna Carta

the "great charter" signed by King John in 1215

Two Treatises of Government

a work of political philosophy published by John Locke anonymously in 1689; outlines Locke's ideas for a more civilized society based on natural rights and contract theory

Peace of Westphalia

all German states, including Calvinist states, were free to determine their own religion; marked the formation of a European system of states defined by formal treaties - a treaty system

Cardinal Richelieu

main contribution was the fact that his politics strengthened monarchial power; saw 3 threats to the French: Huguenots, nobles, and provincial governors

King Louis XIV

despite his determination and ambitions, he succeeded primarily in establishing control and authority in policy-making process within the central government; also eliminated the threat that came from the high nobles and princes of blood by removing them from royal council

Glorious Revolution

William the Orange overthrew King James II of England

Zhou Dynasty

has subdivisions (early and late); 1122-221

Fenfengzhi

refers to the feudal political and social order of Chinese society during the early Zhou dynasty, which decentralized public authority and responsibility rather than vest them in the central government

Defining Moment

the period between 500 BC - 500 CE when major civilizations developed their defining qualities

Humanism

intellectual renaissance; a secular one; not religious

European States System

system of states defined by formal treaties

Intendants

- centrally appointed officials with extensive powers

- there were 120-150 of them

- they were sent to provinces to insure that taxes were fairly levied and promptly collected

- they served as the principal instrument for administrative centralization

Versailles

where the Royal Court was located

English Civil War

happened under Oliver Cromwell

Mandate of Heaven (Zhou)

- the Zhou rulers formulated this theory to justify their overthrow of the Shang dynasty; here, heaven refers to an impersonal law of nature or the force of cosmos

- As such, heaven is responsible for maintaining order in this cosmos or universe; according to this theory, Heaven took its mandate away from the Shang ruler and granted it to the ruler of the Zhou dynasty

Heliocentric Model

the sun is at the center of the universe and the planets orbit it

French Wars of Religion

- between the Catholics and the Huguenots

- caused the St. Bartholomew massacre, which killed 8,000 Huguenots; very bloody

Absolutist Monarchy/Absolutism

sovereign power or ultimate authority in the state rested in the hands of a king or queen who claimed to rule by divine right

Cardinal Mazarin

main contribution was the fact that his politics strengthened monarchial power; saw 3 threats to the French: Huguenots, nobles, and provincial governors

Warring States Period

the emergence of the new schools of thought resulted from the sustained systematic crisis and human response to it

Confucius

- China's first professional teacher

- he wanted to establish an ideal society based on a well-defined social hierarchy and a code of moral conduct

- he placed special emphasis the role of the ruler, for he believed that government was fundamentally a matter of ethics