Med Term Ch. 6

blood

blood system structure - Brings oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries away waste.

plasma

blood system structure - Contains nutrients, hormones, waste products, and clotting proteins.

erythrocytes

blood system structure - Transport oxygen to the tissues.

leukocytes

blood system structure - Support the immune system.

platelets

blood system structure - Play an important role in the clotting of blood.

chromato

color

coagulo

clotting, coagulation

-emia

blood, blood condition

fibrino

fibrin, fibers, threads of a clot

-globin

protein

hem/o or hemat/o

blood, relating to the blood

myelo

spinal cord, bone marrow

-oid

resembling

-penia

deficiency

phlebo

vein

plasm/o

something molded or formed, plasma

-poiesis

to make

-stasis

maintenance of a constant level

hematologic

The blood system, also known as the ____ system, consists of the blood and bone marrow

55, 45

Blood is the fluid tissue in the body. It is composed of ___ % liquid plasma and __ % formed elements

plasma, 92, 8

is a straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones, and waste products. Plasma is __% water. The remaining __% consists mainly of the blood proteins albumin and globulins, and the clotting proteins fibrinogen and prothrombin; all these proteins are produced in the liver

albumin

is the main protein in the blood and helps prevent fluid from leaking out of the blood vessels into other tissues

globulins

are a group of proteins in the blood that play an important role in the immune system

fibrinogen, prothrombin

__ and __ are the clotting proteins found in plasma. They are important for clot formation to control bleeding.

serum

is the clear, pale yellow plasma fluid that remains after the blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed.

formed elements

The ___ of blood include three categories of cells: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes. they get their name because they have a definite structure and shape

erythrocytes

The primary role of these cells, which make up about 45% of the blood by volume, is to transport oxygen to the tissues.

hemoglobin

Oxygen is transported by __, which is a blood protein pigment of the erythrocytes

heme

Hemoglobin contains a red-colored compound called ____ that gives blood its color.

erythropoietin

is a hormone produced in the kidneys that promotes the production of erythrocytes in the bone marrow. Measurement of its level in the blood is used to detect certain medical conditions

leukocytes

, are the blood cells involved in supporting the immune system in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances

leukocytes

the following are all forms of _____ : phagocytes [neutrophils and macrophages], basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes

neutrophils

which are formed in red bone marrow, are the most common type of WBCs. these, along with macrophages, are called phagocytes

phagocytes

are cells that play a major role in the immune system’s defense against pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi by engulfing the pathogens and consuming them

basophils

which are also formed in red bone marrow, are the least common type of WBCs. they are responsible for the histamines that cause the symptoms of allergic reactions.

eosinophils

are formed in red bone marrow and then migrate to tissues throughout the body. These cells destroy some parasites, and play a major role in allergic reactions.

granulocytes

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are all called _____ because they have small [//////] containing proteins. When there is a serious infection, the body produces more of these cells

lymphocytes

include T cells and B cells. These are formed in the red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen. they identify foreign substances and germs (bacteria or viruses) in the body and produce antibodies that specifically target them

monocytes

are also formed in the red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen. They are the largest type of white blood cells. Through phagocytosis, which is the the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes, these cells provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms.

b cells, immunoglobulins

____ mature and change into plasma cells when they are needed to fight infection. Plasma cells, which are mainly found in the bone marrow, make active gamma globulins called ____ to help the body attack and kill germs.

thrombocytes

platelets, also called ____, are the smallest formed elements of the blood. These tiny, colorless cell fragments play an important role in the clotting of blood

megakaryocytes

are the large cells in the bone marrow that produce platelets

hematopoiesis, hemocytoblasts

is the formation of blood cells. Immature cells called [/////] stem cells or ___ differentiate into erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes as they develop.

differentiation, red bone marrow

before birth, hemocytoblast ____ is performed mainly in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow of the developing embryo. Throughout life, this process takes place in the ____ that is at the core of most bones

peripheral blood

Hematopoietic stem cells can be found in red bone marrow, and in the ____ as it leaves the bone. [/////] is the blood circulating throughout the body.

reticulocytes

are red blood cells that have just been released from the bone marrow. They will mature in about a day in the bloodstream.

reticulocyte

the ___ count in a blood sample is indicative of how well the bone marrow, liver, and kidneys are functioning. A high count can also indicate extensive blood loss.

thymus, thymocytes

T cells and B cells are among the lymphocytes that originate in the bone marrow. B cells mature there, while T cells migrate to the ___, where they are referred to as _____

cell-mediated immunity

The thymus facilitates the maturation of T cells that are an important part of the immune system’s ability to provide _____.

antigens

Blood types are classified according to the presence or absence of certain __, which are any substances that the body regards as being foreign, thus sometimes triggering an adverse reaction.

rhesus monkeys

Rh factor defines the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells. The Rh factor is so named because this antigen was first found in _____

15

about ____% of Americans do not have the Rh antigen, and these individuals are described as being Rh negative

positive, negative

The Rh factor can cause difficulties when an Rh-___ infant is born to an Rh-___ mother.

ABO

The factors that determine blood type and the Rh factor are part of the genetic code passed on from parent to child. Each biological parent donates one ___ gene to their child, meaning that there are six different possible combinations

dominant, recessive

The A and B genes are ___and the O gene is ___

positive

Every individual also inherits one Rh factor gene from each biological parent, with the Rh-___ gene always dominant.

Rho(D) immune globulin

early prenatal blood tests are used to determine whether the mother is Rh negative and the fetus is Rh positive. if this is the case, a medication called ______ is administered to prevent the mother’s body from producing Rh antibodies that might harm the fetus

universal donor, o negative

a ____ is a person whose blood can be used in transfusions for any blood type. this is type ____

AB

Those with type ____ blood can receive all types of blood.

positive, negative

Rh-___ blood can receive either Rh-positive or Rh-negative blood, but ____ can only receive its own kind

rare blood type

a ____ refers to when some of the 600 other known antigens beyond A and B are either present or absent.

blood gases

___ are gases that are normally dissolved in the fluid portion of blood

oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen

the major blood gases are ___, __ and __

oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen

Red blood cells transport __ from the lungs to all the tissues of the body, and return __ to the lungs to be eliminated. __ is inhaled along with oxygen, but the human body is not able to absorb it in its gaseous form. Food and water are its primary sources

hemostasis

means to stop or control bleeding. The body attempts to do this by automatically constricting an injured blood vessel and activating factors to cause the platelets and proteins in the blood to thicken and form a clot.

mechanical hemostasis

__ refers to the use of external means such as a tourniquet to stop the flow of blood during surgery or in an emergency.

coagulation

is the process of blood clotting, or the formation of a blood clot.

Thrombin, fibrinogen

-__- and -__- are proteins in the blood plasma that are important clotting agents.

fibrin

When activated by an injury, fibrinogen forms a web-like material called -__- that aids in blood clotting and the formation of a scab to help the wound heal. As the body ages, however, increased formation of this material can increase the risk of dangerous blood clots.

hematologist

is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the blood and blood-forming tissues

phlebotomist

__ is a medical professional trained to draw blood from patients for laboratory tests and other procedures

hypercoagulable state

a ______ occurs when the blood has an increased tendency to form clots. this can cause deep vein thrombosis or a pulmonary embolus. If the blood clot occurs in the arteries, it increases the risk of a stroke, a heart attack, or the loss of a limb.

Factor V Leiden

hypercoagulable states can be genetic, with the most common cause being __, or acquired as a result of surgery, trauma, or medications

coagulopathy

__, also known as a bleeding disorder, occurs when the blood’s ability to coagulate is impaired. Hemophilia and von Willebrand’s disease are genetic disorders that can cause this reduction in clotting factors.

hemophilia

is a hereditary bleeding disorder in which a blood-clotting factor is missing, resulting in abnormal coagulation. This disorder, which mostly affects males, is characterized by spontaneous hemorrhages or severe bleeding following an injury.

von willebrand disease

the most common genetic bleeding disorder, impacts women more than men. Effected people either have a low level of the clotting protein called the [//] Factor in their blood, or this protein doesn’t function the way it should. This can lead to heavy, hard-to-stop bleeding, and menorrhagia during menstrual periods.

leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma

The three main types of blood cancer originate in the bone marrow: -__-, -___-. and -___-. Aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and pancytopenia are also bone marrow diseases.

leukemia

is a type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes found in blood-forming tissues, other organs, and the circulating blood. These abnormal leukocytes impair the ability of the bone marrow to produce red blood cells and platelets

acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic

Types of leukemia are named based on how quickly they progress and the type of white blood cells involved. (____) is the most common type in young children, and (___) is the most common adult leukemia.

myeloid

refers to cells growing in the bone marrow. In this type of leukemia, the bone marrow produces white blood cells that develop into large numbers of leukemic cells called myeloblasts

myelogenous

another term for myeloid cancer

lymphocytic

means that the bone marrow is producing abnormal, ineffective lymphocytes, which are a type of leukocyte important to the immune system.

lymphoma

is a general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues. This includes lymph nodes, the spleen, the liver, and bone marrow

hodgkin’s lymphoma

is a cancer of the immune system distinguished by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells. The spread of these cells compromises the body’s ability to fight infection. this condition is usually treatable, especially in its early stages.

non-hodgkin’s lymphoma

which is the more common type, refers to all lymphomas other than Hodgkin’s lymphoma. There are many different variations, all of which originate in the lymphocytes. Some are aggressive (fast growing) and some are indolent (slow growing).

multiple myeloma

____ is the second most common type of blood cancer. When the genetic material in the plasma cells mutates, it causes these cells to become cancerous. As myeloma cells multiply, they crowd out healthy blood cells inside bone marrow, and produce abnormal proteins that can cause complications including soft spots in the bone. Most patients develop more than one of these bone lesions

aplastic anemia

is a rare but serious condition characterized by an absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow

anemia

condition characterized by having a lower than average number of red blood cells

Myelodysplastic syndrome

is a type of cancer in which there is insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow

acute myeloid leukemia

some patients develop ________ as a result of myelodysplastic syndrome

Pancytopenia

a condition that is characterized by lower-than-normal quantities of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. This is usually caused by a problem in the bone marrow where the blood cells are produced as a result of cancer, lupus, or a bone marrow disorder

decompression sickness

___, also called the bends, is a potentially fatal condition that can occur as a result of deep-sea diving or unpressurized air travel. During a rapid ascent from a deep-sea dive, or other compressed air environment, accumulated nitrogen can form bubbles in the blood or tissue, damaging blood vessels and tissue or triggering small blood clots. Treatment involves administering 100% oxygen, followed by treatment in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber.

hyperbaric oxygen chamber

what chamber is used to recompress a body after experiencing decompression sickness?

hypoxia

deficient oxygen levels in the body’s tissue and organs

Carbon monoxide poisoning

___ occurs when an abnormally high concentration of carbon monoxide builds up in the blood, resulting in hypoxia. accidentally inhaling combustion fumes from improperly ventilated heaters, appliances, and engines can lead to serious tissue damage and death

Hemochromatosis

also known as iron overload disease, is a genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb too much iron. The excess iron that is absorbed enters the bloodstream and accumulates in organs, where it causes damage

hereditary spherocytosis

__ is a genetic disorder that causes the red blood cells to be spherical rather than flat. These malformed cells are fragile and have a shorter life span than normal erythrocytes. Their spherical shape taxes the spleen’s ability to clear out the red cells and their products, possibly resulting in splenomegaly and anemias

splenomegaly

enlargement of the spleen

leukopenia

is a decrease in the number of disease-fighting leukocytes circulating in the blood. aka “low white blood cell count,” this places the patient at an increased of risk of developing or having difficulty fighting infections

neutropenia, sepsis

is the presence of abnormally few of the white blood cells called neutrophils in the blood, usually as a result of cancer treatment. This condition can lead to increased susceptibility to infection __