6.11 Appendicular Skeleton (+ IMAGE OCCLUSION)

appendanges, upright

The appendicular skeleton allows movement of our __________ and supports our weight in an _______ position.

loosely

Upper limb mobility is possible because muscles attach the upper limb and its girdle rather _______ to the rest of the body.

pectoral girdle

The ________ ______ consists of two pairs of bones that attach each of the upper limbs to the body.

scapula, clavicle

Each pectoral girdle pair is composed of a _______, commonly known as the shoulder blade, and a ________, commonly known as the collarbone

scapula

The _______ is a flat, triangular bone that can easily be seen and felt in a living person

acromion process

At the tip of the shoulder, there is the large ________ _______ of the scapula.

scapular spine

The ________ _____ extends from the acromion process across the posterior surface of the scapula.

coracoid

The smaller ________ (crow’s beak) process provides attachments for some shoulder and arm muscles.

glenoid

A _______ cavity, located in the superior lateral portion of the bone, articulates with the head of the humerus.

clavicle

The ________ is a long bone with a slight sigmoid (S-shaped) curve that articulates with the scapula and the sternum

acromion

The clavicle's latter end articulates with the ________ process

manubrium

The clavicle's medial end articulates with the ________ of the sternum

mobility

The clavicle holds the upper limb away from the body and facilitates the limb's ________

humerus

The arm contains only one bone, the _______

head

The humeral ____ articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula

anatomical neck

The __________ ____ , immediately distal to the humeral head, is almost nonexistent

surgical neck

The humeral ________ ____ is so named because it is a common fracture site that often requires surgical repair

greater tubercle

The proximal end of the humerus attaches laterally to the _______ ________ muscle

lesser tubcle

The proximal end of the humerus attaches anteriorly to the ______ ________ muscle

deltoid tuberosity

The _______ _________ is the site of attachment of the deltoid muscle

capitulum

The spot where the humerus articulates laterally with the radius is called the _________

trochlea

The spot where the humerus articulates medially with the ulna is called the ________

medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle

The forearm muscles attach to the jumerus just superior to the capitulum and trochlea in attachment sites called the ______ _________ and the ______ _________

olecranon fossa

The large fossa on the posterior distal end of the humerus is the _________ _____ which accomodates a portion of the ulna that is easily felt as the point of the elbow

ulna, radius

The forearm has two bones: the ____ and the ______

ulna

The ____ is medial, the same side as the little finger

radius

The ______ is lateral, the same side as the thumb

elbow

The ulna and radius articulate with the humerus at the _____ joint

trochlear notch

The portion of the ulna that articulates with the humerus is the C-shaped _________ _____

coronoid process

The anterior surface of the proximal end of the ulna has a process called the _________ _______

olecranon process

The posterior surface of the proximal end of the ulna has a much larger process called the _________ _______

head

On the distal end of the ulna, on the medial side, is the ____ of the ulna

radius, wrist

The head of the ulna articulates with both the ______ and the _____ bones

styloid process

On the distal end of the ulna, on the lateral side, there is a small process called the _______ _______

wrist

Ligaments of the _____ attach to the styloid process

head

The portion of the radius that articulates with the humerus is the ____

radial tuberosity

Just inferior to the radial head on the medial side is the ______ _______ of tuberosity

biceps brachii

The radial tuberosity is the site of attachment for the ______ _______ muscle of the arm

styloid process

The distal end of the radius also has a _______ _______, which is an attachment point for wrist ligaments

wrist

The _____ is a relatively short region between the forearm and the hand

carpal

The wirst is composed of eight ______ bones arranged in two rows of four each

scaphoid

The first bone in the proximal row of carpal bones is the ________, which is boat shaped

lunate

The second bone in the proximal row of carpal bones is the ______, which is moon-shaped

triquetrum

The third bone in the proximal row of carpal bones is the three-cornered __________

pisiform

The fourth bone in the proximal row of carpal bones is the ________, located on the palmar surface of the triquetrum

hamate

The first bone of the distal row of carpal bones is the ______, which has a hooked process on its palmar side

capitate

The second bone of the distal row of carpal bones is the head-shape ________

trapezoid

The third bone of the distal row of carpal bones is the _________, named for its resemblance to the shape of the same name

trapezium

The fourth bone of the distal row of carpal bones is the _________, named after a four-sided geometric form with no two sides parallel

metacarpal

Five __________ bones are attached to the carpal bones and make up the central portion of the hand

one to five

The metacarpal bones are numbered ___ __ ____, starting with the most lateral at the base of the thumb

concave

The metacarpal bones form a curve so that the palm of the hand is _______ in the resting position

knuckles

The distal ends of the metacarpal bones help form the ________ of the hand

soft tissue

The spaces between the metacarpal bones are occupied by ____ ______

digits

There are five ______ on each hand, one thumb and four fingers

pollex

The thumb is referred to as the ______

phalanges

Each digit consists of small long bones called _________

proximal, distal

The thumb has two phalanges, called ________ and ______

proximal, middle, distal

Each finger has three phalanges, designated ________, ______, and ______

hip bones, sacrum

The pelvic girdle is formed by two ___ _____ and the ______

circle

The hip bones join each other anteriorly and connect with the sacrum posteriorly forming a complete ______ of bone

pelvis

The ______ includes the pelvic girdle and the coccyx

ilium, ischium, pubis

Each hip bone is a large bony plate formed from the fusion of three separate bones: the _____, the _______, and the _____

acetabulum

The three individual bones converge near the center of the hip socket, called the __________

lower limbs

The ______ _____ articulate with the pelvic girdle in the acetabulum

ilium

The largest of the three hip bones is the _____

iliac crest

The _____ _____ forms the most superior border of the ilium

anterior superior iliac spine

The _____ ______ ______ _____ ends anteriorly as the _______________________ _____

posterior superior iliac spine

The iliac crest ends posteriorly as the ________________________ _____

greater sciatic notch

The _______ _______ _____ is on the posterior side of the ilium

sciatic nerve

The _______ _____ passes through the greater sciatic notch

auricular surface

The _________ _______ of the ilium joins the sacrum to form the sacroiliac joint

iliac fossa

The medial side of the ilium consists of a large depression called the _____ _____

ischium

Of the two inferior hip bones, the _______ is more posterior

ischial tuberosity

The ischium has a thick _______ __________

ischial spine

The ischium also has a posterior _______ _____, a site of ligament attachment

pubis

The _____ forms the anterior portion of the pelvic girdle

pubic symphysis

The two pubic bones are joined by the _____ _________, a thick pad of fibrocartilage

obturator foramen

At the point of fusion with the ischium, the two bones surround the noticeable _________ _______

true pelvis, false pelvis

The pelvis is subdivided into a ____ ______ and a _____ ______

pelvic inlet

The opening to the true pelvis is the ______ _____

pelvic outlet

The inferior opening of the true pelvis is the ______ ______

muscle

The false pelvis is formed by ______ overlying bone of the true pelvis

massive

The male pelvis is usually more _______ than the female pelvis

broader, rounded

The female pelvis is _______ and has a large, more _______ pelvic inlent and outlet

femur

The thigh contains a single bone, the _____

head

The femur has a prominent, rounded ____, where it articulates with the acetabulum

neck

The femur also has a well-defined ____

greater trochanter, lesser trochanter

The femur's proximal shift exhibits two projections: a _______ __________ and a ______ __________

hip, thigh

The femur's trochanters are attachment sites for muscles that fasten the ___ to the _____

patella

The ______, or kneecap, is a large sesamoid bone located within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle group, the major muscle group of the major thigh

tibia, fibula

The leg consists of two bones: the medial _____, or shinbone, and the lateral ______

tibia

The _____ is the larger of the two leg bones and is the major weight-bearing bone of the leg

tibial tuberosity

The ______ __________ is the point of attachment for the quadriceps femoris muscle group

head

The femur's ____ articulates with the proximal end of the tibia

ankle

The _____ consists of the distal ends of the tibia and fibula forming a partial socket that articulates with a bone of the foot, the talus

medial malleolus

The ______ _________ is the prominence of the distal tibia

lateral malleolus

The _______ _________ is the prominence of the distal fibula

seven

There are _____ tarsal bones

talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid

The seven tarsal bones are (1) the _____, (2) the _________, (3) the _________, (4-6) the medial, intermediate, and lateral ___________, and (7) the ______