principles of growth and development & school of thoughts

LESSON 2 ITP

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

infancy, childhood, puberty, adolescence, adulthood, late adulthood

STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, late adulthood

WHICH AGES DOES INFANCY COVER?

0 TO 3

3 PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT STAGES (ZYGOTE)

GERMINAL, EMBRYONIC AND FETAL

GERMINAL IS HOW LONG

0-2 WEEKS

EMBRYONIC STAGE IS HOW LONG

3-8 WEEKS OF PREGNANCY WC IS CRITICAL

FETAL STAGE IS HOW LONG

8-WEEKS TO BIRTH

CHILDHOOD COVERS HOW MUCH TIME

3-12 YRS OLD

ADOLESCENCE COVERS HOW LONG

13-18

ADULTHOOD COVERS HOW LONG

18-50

LATE ADULTHOOD

50-60

SIGMUND FREUD

• Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis

PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY

-CLINICAL METHOD FOR TREATING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY THROUGH DIALOGUE BETWEEN A PATIENT AND A PSYCHOANALYST

- SUGGESTED THAT PERSONALITY IS MOSTLY ESTABLISHED BY AGE 5

- EARLY EXPERIENCES PLAY A LARGE ROLE IN PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT N CONTINUE TO INFLUENCE BEHAVIOR LATER IN LIFE

- EACH STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT IS MARKED BY CONFLICTS THAT CAN HELP BUILD GROWTH/STIFLE DEVELOPMENT DEPENDING ON HOW THEYRE RESOLVED

PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES BY SIGMUND FREUD 

COMPLETED - HEALTHY PERSONALITY

NOT COMPLETED - FIXATION

FIXATION

"-PERSISTENT FOCUS ON AN EARLIER PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGE

- UNTIL THIS CONFLICT IS RESOLVED, THE INDIVIDUAL WILL REMAIN ""STUCK"" IN THIS STAGE"

PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES (OA PALAGE ACRONYM)

ORAL, ANAL, PHALLIC, LATENCY, GENITAL

THE ORAL STAGE

AGE RANGE: BIRTH TO 1 YR OLD
EROGENOUS ZONE: MOUTH
PRIMARY CONFLICT: WEANING PROCESS
NOT RESOLVED: AGRESSION/DEPENDENCY
LATER IN LIFE: FIXATION ON ORAL ACTIVITIES, ORAL AGRESSIVE OR INCORPORATIVE

THE ANAL STAGE 

AGE RANGE: 1-3 YRS
EROGENOUS ZONE: BOWEL AND BLADDER CONTROL
PRIMARY CONFLICT: TOILET TRAINING 
NOT RESOLVED: DEPENDENCY
LATER IN LIFE: FIXATION (ANAL EXPULSIVE OR ANAL RETENTIVE)

ANAL RETENTIVE

• HIRAP TUMAE
  - OBSESSIVE, KURIPOT, BUT ORGANIZED

ANAL EXPULSIVE

VIOLENT, UNORGANIZED, MAKALAT N MATUBIG TUMAE

PHALLIC STAGE

AGE RANGE: 3-6
EROGENOUS ZONE: GENITALS
PRIMARY CONFLICT: DIFFERENCES
NOT RESOLVED: RIVALRY TO PARENT
LATER IN LIFE: FIXATION (OEDIPUS/ELECTRA COMPLEX)

OEDIPUS COMPLEX

SEXUAL DESIRE OF BOY TO HIS MOM

ELECTRA COMPLEX

SEXUAL/INTIMATE ATTACHMENT OF A GIRL TO HER DAD

LATENCY STAGE 

AGE RANGE: 6-PUBERTY
EROGENOUS ZONE: SEXUAL FEELING ARE INACTIVE
LATER IN LIFE: PROBLEMS ESTABLISHING RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHERS

GENITAL STAGE

AGE RANGE: PUBERTY-DEATH
EROGENOUS ZONE: MATURING SEXUAL INTERESTS

JEAN PIAGET

• swiss psychologist
  - worked for several decades on understanding children's cognitive development
  - most widely known theory of cognitive development
  - was intrigued by kids' thoughts, behavior, & worked to understand their cognitive development

ivan pavlov

famous russian scientist that discovered that a behavior can be conditioned.

Observational Learning

(Albert Bandura). Learning by watching others.

Schedules of Reinforcement

Behaviors can be reinforced on fixed or variable schedules, influencing how quickly and persistently they are learned.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Ipinapakita nito ang iba’t ibang pangangailangan ng tao, mula sa pinaka-basic hanggang sa pinakamataas na antas ng personal pagbabago.

Behaviorism

Studies observable behavior rather than internal mental states. Classical Conditioning (Pavlov): Learning through association.

Negative Reinforcement

Removing an unpleasant stimulus (e.g., turning off an alarm when you wake up).

Structure of Personality

id, ego, superego

Health Psychology

study of cognitive, affective, behavioral, and interpersonal factors affecting health and illness.

Experimental Psychology

study that employs the behavioral and cognitive perspectives as well as the experimental method in studying how people react to sensory stimuli, perceive the world, learn, remember and respond.

Classical Conditioning

(Ivan Pavlov). Learning through association.

Figure-Ground

Distinguishing main objects from the background.

b.f skinner

1 of the most influential of american psychologists. a behaviorist, he developed the theory of operant conditioning

key principles of gestalt psychology

closure, proximity, similarity, continuity, figure-ground

Proximity

Grouping objects that are close together.

Counseling Psychology

study that deals with personal problems such as medical, social or vocational problems; counseling psychologists deal with less serious problems compared to clinical psychologists

lawrence kohlberg

the theory holds that moral reasoning, the basis of ethical behavior, has six identifiable developmental stages, each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than its predecessor

Positive Punishment

Adding an unpleasant stimulus (e.g., a fine for speeding).

goal of psychoanalysis

To bring unconscious conflicts into awareness for resolution.

carl rogers

"instrumental in the development of non-directive psychotherapy, which he initially termed "client-centered therapy" and he's known as the father of client-centered therapy"

Identification

Boosting self-esteem by imitating or aligning with someone else.

association

According to Ivan Pavlov, _______ is the linking or pairing of two things until an animal or person learns to respond to one because it is repeatedly connected with the other.

Dreams and Symbolism

Freud viewed dreams as a “royal road to the unconscious,” where latent desires and conflicts are expressed symbolically.

Carl Jung

Believed that the personality formed from a collective unconscious involving archetypes that all humans have.

john b. watson

established the psychological school of behaviorism, after doing research on animal behavior. He also conducted the controversial "little albert" experiment

Gestalt Psychology

Founded by Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler.

esteem

"step 4 of maslow's hierarchy of needs"

Cognitive Psychology

Explores how people acquire, process, and store information. Examines biases and thought patterns that influence decisions.

Principle of Closure

Even though the circle is incomplete (with gaps between the dots), the students mentally fill in the gaps to perceive it as a complete shape.

School and Educational Psychology

study that deals with the evaluation of learning and emotional problems of individuals in schools

Humanistic Psychology

Believes people are inherently good and motivated to reach their full potential.

Industrial/Organizational Psychology

study involving the selection of people most suitable for particular jobs, the development of training programs in organizations, and the identification of determinants of consumer behavior

Unconscious Mind

The part of the mind we are not directly aware of, but it still influences our feelings, behaviors, and decisions. It stores hidden memories, fears, desires, unwanted thoughts, and experiences.

self-actualization

"step 5 of maslow's hierarchy of needs"

albert ellis

an American cognitive behavioral therapist who developed Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT).

PSYCHE

SOUL

ego

Rational balance between desires and reality.

Structuralism

Founded by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener.

solomon asch

"became famous in the 1950s, following experiments which showed that social pressure (conformity) can make a person say something that's obviously incorrect"

albert ellis

an American cognitive behavioral therapist who developed Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT).

Physiological/Biological Psychology

study that employs the biological perspective, seeking to discover the relationships between biological processes and behavior

physiological needs

"step 1 of maslow's hierarchy of needs"

Abnormal Psychology

study that deals with the diagnosis and causes of mental disorders

mental processes

thinking, memory, problem-solving, and language

Compensation

Focusing on strengths to cover up weaknesses.

safety needs

"step 2 of maslow's hierarchy of needs"

Unconditional Positive Regard

"Acceptance and empathy regardless of flaws. The therapist creates a safe, non-judgmental space, showing acceptance and empathy regardless of the client's choices or challenges."

alfred adler

"among adler's chief contributions are the importance of birth order in the formation of personality, the impact of neglect or pampering on child development"

Clinical Psychology

study of the diagnosis and treatment of emotional and behavioral problems.

Behaviorism

Pioneered by John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner.

Denial

Refusing to accept reality.

the goal of structuralism

to understand the structure of conscious experience

Sublimation

Channeling negative energy into something positive.

Humanistic Psychology

Championed by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Emphasizes personal growth, self-actualization, and free will.

Psychoanalysis

Developed by Sigmund Freud. Emphasizes the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences.

Structuralism

Focuses on analyzing the structure of the mind by breaking experiences into basic elements.

Gestalt Psychology

Focuses on perception as a whole rather than parts.

Cognitive Psychology

Influenced by Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky. Focuses on mental processes: thinking, memory, problem-solving, and language.

Continuity

Seeing patterns as continuous rather than broken.

LOGOS

STUDY

Negative Punishment

Removing a pleasant stimulus (e.g., taking away privileges for bad behavior).

moral reasoning

basis for ethical behavior

Observational Learning

We Learn by imitating a model

Sports Psychology

study that applies theories and knowledge in psychology to enhance athletes and coaches’ performance

abraham maslow

"1 of the founders of humanistic psychology n is often best recognized for developing the theory of human motivation now known as maslow's hierarchy of needs"

Forensic Psychology

study that applies psychology to the law and legal proceedings

goal of cognitive psychology

To understand how thoughts shape behavior and experiences. Focuses on mental processes such as thinking, memory, learning, problem-solving, and perception.

love and belonging

"step 3 of maslow's hierarchy of needs"

Operant Conditioning

(B.F. Skinner) Learning through reinforcement and punishment.

Closure

Filling in missing information to perceive a whole shape.

Functionalism

Associated with William James.

Gestalt Psychology

“The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.”

Repression

Pushing painful memories into the unconscious.

Principle of Similarity

If some dots are a different color or size, the students might group the similar ones together, perceiving distinct patterns or subgroups.

Developmental Psychology

study of human development and the factors that shape behavior from birth to old age.