Biology: Cellular Respiration, Genetics, and Mutations Overview

Aerobic

Requires oxygen, in mitochondria, massive amount of energy - 36-38 ATP / glucose molecule

Anaerobic

Does not require oxygen, only in cytoplasm (fermentation) - only tiny bit of energy - 2 ATP / glucose molecule

Cellular respiration equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (Reactants: C6H12O6 + 6O2 / Products: 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP)

Domain classification rule

Domain is largest classification - 3 domains: Archea, Bacteria, Eukarya. Order: DKPCOFGS

Punnett squares pattern

Two heterozygous parents (Bb x Bb) = 3:1 phenotype (75% dom, 25% rec) and 1:2:1 genotype (1BB : 2Bb : 1bb)

Pedigrees rule

Two unshaded w/ child that is shaded - trait = recessive

Plant gas collection experiment

If its in light, Oxygen, in dark, CO2

Purpose of cellular respiration

Break down glucose and turn the stored chemical energy into cellular energy (ATP)

ATP molecule structural look

3 chained phosphate groups

ADP molecule structural look

Only 2 phosphate groups

Process of DNA to protein

Transcription (nucleus) - DNA copied into RNA message -> translation (ribosome in cytoplasm) - ribosome reads mRNA hooks amino acids together to build Protein

Codon chart and RNA rule

DNA to mRNA - RNA NO Thymine (T), uses Uracil (U) instead

DNA to mRNA base pairing rules

DNA A pairs with mRNA U; DNA T pairs with mRNA A; DNA C pairs with mRNA G; DNA G pairs with mRNA C

Mutations definition

Structural change in DNA base sequence

Point mutation (substitution)

One single base is swapped for another (ex: A becomes G), may change only one amino acid or none

Silent mutation

DNA base changes but new codon still codes for exact amino acid as before - protein unaffected (ex: GAA -> GAG - both Glutamic Acid)

Missense mutation

New codon codes for different amino acid - one link in protein chain is wrong - alters folds + functions

Nonsense mutation

New codon accidentally becomes a STOP codon - ribosome reads STOP protein cut short - never works

Frameshift mutation (insertion or deletion)

Base completely added or deleted - shifts whole reading of codons from then on - ruined protein