History final

The Columbian Exchange

a transatlantic flow of goods and people that altered millions of years of evolution

Indentured servitude

people would give up years of their life to become a servant because they were promised land and opportunity when coming to the colonies.

Coverture

a married woman would possess ⅓ of her husbands property in the event that he died before she did, but when the widow died the land would be passed on to the husbands male heirs 

Pilgrims

the first Puritans to arrive in the America who were separatists

Mayflower Compact

the first written frame of government in what is now the United States

The Pequot War

a vicious war (1630s) between two tribes, who used their alliance with the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and the Pequots.

Anne Hutchinson

she was a strong political leader in the sixteen hundreds. However, she did get put on trial for sedition. She believed that salvation comes from God’s free gift of saving grace, not from good works.

Mercantalism

Economic system of trading nations; belief that a nation's power was directly related to its wealth

Salem Witch Trials

Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

Bacon's Rebellion

western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, , which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly

Atlantic Slave Trade

Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade.

Slave Resistance

A resistance based in cultural movements such as song, art, etc. Allowed for the creation of the term "Black," used to represent a culture formed by slaves from all parts of Africa .

Republicanism

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

Liberalism

A belief that government can and should achieve justice and equality of opportunity.

The Seven Years’ War

numerous wars between France and Britain from 1689-1815. The main idea is that the colonists wanted to expand, but they saw two threats

The Proclamation of 1763

This prohibited further colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. Those lands were believed to belong to the Native Americans.

The Intolerable Acts

United the colonies in opposition to what was widely seen as a direct threat to their political freedom. Laws placed to punish the citizens of Boston after the Boston Massacre.

Common Sense

The pamphlet began with an attack on the “So much boasted Constitution of England”, and the principles of hereditary rule and monarchal government. He was opposed to monarchy (the king) at the time.

The Declaration of independence

Written on July 4th, 1776, this document declared the United States an independent nation that’s free from British rule. Most of the document details lengthy grievances about the King, and the rights that the people have in this new nation.

The Navigation Acts

were British laws that enforced this system, requiring the American colonies to trade mainly with England and sell certain goods only to it.

John Locke

English Enlightenment philosopher whose ideas about natural rights (life, liberty, property) and government by consent influenced the American Revolution and the Declaration of Independence.

The Revolutionary War

war in which the American colonies fought for and won independence from Great Britain.

George Washington

Commander of the Continental Army during the Revolution and the first President of the United States; set many important precedents for the new government.

The Land Ordinances

Laws passed under the Articles of Confederation that organized western lands; included the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which created a system for territories to become states and banned slavery in the Northwest Territory.

Shay’s Rebellion

uprising of Massachusetts farmers protesting debt and taxes; exposed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and led to the Constitutional Convention.

Abigail Adams

early advocate for women’s rights who urged her husband to “remember the ladies” when forming the new government.

Hamilton’s economic plan

A program including assumption of state debts, creation of a national bank, and tariffs to strengthen the federal government and the U.S. economy.

Alien and Sedition Acts

laws that made it harder for immigrants to become citizens and criminalized criticism of the government; widely viewed as unconstitutional.

Marbury v. Madison

1803 Supreme Court case that established judicial review—the power of the Court to declare laws unconstitutional.

MacCulloch v. Maryland

1819 case confirming the federal government's implied powers and ruling that states cannot tax federal institutions

Democracy in america

describing American democracy, equality, and society in the 1830s.

The Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase from France that doubled the size of the U.S. and opened western expansion.

The Market Revolution

economic transformation marked by new transportation factories, and growth of commercial farming.

The Cotton Kingdom

South’s cotton producing region, fueled by the cotton gin and dependent heavily on enslaved labor

The American System of manufactioning

Production using interchangeable parts and mechanized factories; pioneered mass production.

The Monroe Doctrine

policy declaring the Americas closed to European colonization and warning Europe not to intervene in the Western Hemisphere.

The spoils system

practice of giving government jobs to political supporters; associated with Andrew Jackson.

Andrew Jackson

person known for expanding voting rights for white men, using the veto power, and supporting Indian removal.

John C. Calhoun

Southern political leader and advocate of states’ rights, nullification, and slavery.

The Indian Removal Act

1830 law that forced Native American tribes east of the Mississippi to move west; led to the Trail of Tears.

Proslavery argument

Claims by Southerners that slavery was necessary, natural, or even positive for society and the economy.

The Underground Railroad

Secret network of routes and safe houses helping enslaved people escape to the North or Canada.

Harriet Tubman

Former enslaved woman who became a leading conductor on the Underground Railroad and rescued many enslaved people.

Abolitionism

Movement to end slavery in the United States.

Frederick Douglass

Former enslaved man, leading abolitionist, powerful speaker and writer advocating equality.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which intensified Northern opposition to slavery.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Women’s rights leader and coorganizer of the Seneca Falls Convention; helped write the Declaration of Sentiments.

Manifest Destiny

The belief that the U.S. had a God

The Mexican American War

War after U.S. annexation of Texas; ended with the U.S. gaining the Mexican Cession 

The Compromise of 1850

Agreement admitting California as a free state, strengthening the Fugitive Slave Law, and allowing popular sovereignty

The Kansas Nebraska Act

law allowing popular sovereignty on slavery in Kansas and Nebraska; overturned the Missouri Compromise.

Bleeding Kansas

Violent conflict between proslavery and antislavery settlers in Kansas after the Kansas

Sectionalism

Growing division between the North, South, and West over issues like slavery, economy, and political power.

Slave codes

Laws controlling enslaved people’s behavior and movements; designed to prevent rebellion

Fugitive Slave Law

Required all citizens to assist in capturing escaped enslaved people and denied accused fugitives a trial by jury.

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Supreme Court ruling that enslaved people were not citizens and Congress had no authority to ban slavery in the territories.

John Brown

Militant abolitionist who led the raid on Harpers Ferry to start a slave uprising; increased sectional tensions.

Abraham Lincoln

16th president; led the Union during the Civil War and issued the Emancipation Proclamation.

The Election of 1860

Lincoln’s election, prompting Southern states to secede due to fears he would restrict slavery.

The Republican Party

Formed in the 1850s to oppose the spread of slavery into western territories.

Secession

When Southern states withdrew from the Union in 1860–61 to form the Confederacy.

Fort Sumter

Site of the first shots of the Civil War in 1861 Confederates fired on a Union fort in Charleston harbor.

Robert E. Lee

Commander of the Confederate Army; respected military leader.

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States during the Civil War.

Civil War border states significance

states (KY, MO, MD, DE) that stayed in the Union; strategically important for population, industry, and geography.

Union’s advantages

Larger population, more industry, more railroads, stronger navy, and established government.

1864 Election

Lincoln was reelected during the Civil War after major Union victories boosted Northern morale

The Emancipation Proclamation

1863 order freeing enslaved people in Confederate controlled areas; changed the war’s purpose to ending slavery.

The Homestead Act

1862 law offering free western land to settlers willing to live on and improve it.

The Dakota Uprising/U.S.

War-Conflict in Minnesota between Dakota (Sioux) people and the U.S. government over broken treaties and starvation; ended in mass executions and forced removals.

Effects of the Civil War

Preserved the Union, ended slavery, expanded federal power, and caused massive human and economic losses.

Ulysses S. Grant

Commanding general of the Union Army; led major victories and later became President.

The Battle of Gettysburg

turning point Civil War battle (1863) in Pennsylvania; Union victory stopped Lee’s invasion of the North.

Sherman’s March to the Sea

Union General destructive march through Georgia, using total war to break the South’s will.

The 13th Amendment

amendment that abolished slavery in the United States.

40 acres and a mule

unfulfilled promise of land redistribution to formerly enslaved African Americans after the civil war

10 percent plan

Lincoln's plan to allow confederate states to rejoin the union if ten percent of their voters swore on the oath of allegiance

Wade/davis bill

radical republicans,1864 plan for reconstruction that required loyalty oaths.Lincoln refused to sign

13th amendment

amendment that officially abolished slavery

Freedman bureau

U.S. government agency established in 1865 to aid formerly enslaved people and poor whites in the post

Sharecropping

an agricultural system,in the post Civil War American South, where landowners let poor farmers use their land to grow crops in exchange for a share of around half

Andrew Johnson role in reconstruction

to implement a lenient “presidential reconstruction” allowing southern states back in the union.

Radical republicans

a powerful faction in the U.S. Republican Party during the Civil War and Reconstruction, advocating for the immediate end of slavery and full civil rights for African Americans

Civil rights bIll of 1866

Beginning of the civil rights movement and stating they were protected by the federal government

14th amendment

granting citizenship to all born or naturalized in the U.S. including former slaves and guaranteeing all citizens equal protection of the laws.

Radical reconstruction

phase of post Civil War Reconstruction where Republicans in Congress took control, implementing policies to ensure civil rights for freed slaves

Pres Johnson's impeachment

Happened because of a political battle with radical republicans in congress over reconstruction policies.

15th amendment

prohibits states and the federal government from denying citizens the right to vote based on "race, color, or previous condition of servitude,"

Southern republicans

Party in the South during Reconstruction, including freedmen, scalawags, and carpetbaggers They supported Reconstruction policies and civil rights for African Americans.

Scalawags

White Southerners who supported the Republican Party and Reconstruction after the American Civil War

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War during Reconstruction. Used as a derogatory term

Ku Klux Klan

an American secret society and white supremacist hate group that uses violence and terrorism to suppress the rights of Black people, Jews, Catholics, immigrants, and other minorities

Liberal republicans

Party in the early 1870s that opposed corruption in President Grant’s administration and supported civil service reform, lower tariffs, and ending Reconstruction

United States v. Cruikshank 1876

Court decisions in the late 1800s that weakened Reconstruction laws by limiting the federal government’s ability to protect African Americans’ rights

1876 election

election between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel J. Tilden was disputed because several states had contested electoral votes.

The US constitution

What made it possible for the US to try to become a multiracial democracy

The freedmen bureau

After the civil war former enslaved blacks sought to create freedom for themselves through work and framing. what did the fedrael goverment do to help create that.

No, president johnsons ordered land to be returned

Did any land distribution plans remian in place

the sea island expierment, 10 percent plan, wade davis bill

What were the most important wartime “rehearsals” for Reconstruction?

family, land ownership, education, and political rights

What visions of freedom did the former slaves and slaveholders pursue in the postwar South?