SAAT Biology Section 5.6 Vocabulary (Human Biology/Reproduction) - تحصيلي

Seminiferous tubules (testes)

Male reproductive cells, also known as sperm cells, that are developed in the testes

Epididymis

Where the sperm travel; lovated on top of each testes where the sperm matures and are stored

Vas deferens

The duct leading away from the testes that the sperm travel through when released from the body

Urethra

Two vas deferens make one; a tube that carries both semen and urine outside of the body through the male reproductive organ

Sperm require

Nourishing fluid to survive long enough to ferilize an egg

Semen

Refers to the fluid that contains sperm, the nourishment, and other fluids from the male reproductive glands

Seminal vesicles

Contribute to over half of the semen and secrete sugar into the fluid, which provides energy, other nutrients, proteins, and enzymes for the sperm

Prostate and bulbourethral gland

Provide alkaline solution for the sperms

Testes are located

Inside the scrotum, which provides suitable temperature for the sperms

Testosterone

A male hormone that is made in the testes (steroid hormone) that is necessary for the production of sperm

Influence of testosterone

Development of male secondary sex characterisitcs that begin to appear at puberty

Female reproductive system

Specilized to produce egg cells, recieve sperm, and provide an environment that is right for fertilization of an egg and the develpoment of an embryo

Oocytes

Inside each ovary; immature eggs

Ovum

What is formed once every 28 days when oocyte development is stimulated

Oviduct

A tube that connects the ovary to the uterus to allow the egg to be released

Uterus

Womb

Estrogen and progesterone

Female hormones (steroid hormones) made by cells in the ovaries

Anterior pituitary gland

Produces LH and FSH, which influence estrogen and progesterone levels in a negative feedback loop

When estrogen levels rise

During female puberty, causing female breasts to develop, her hips to widen, and her amount of fat tissue to increase

Menstrual cycle

The events that take place each month in the human female to help prepare the body for pregnancy

Length of a menstrual cycle

23 to 35 days but it typically lasts around 28 days

Flow phase

Phase of the menstrual cycle where the walls of the uterus shed fluid, mucus, and epithelial cells (the inner lining of the uterus is shed)

Follicular phase

Phase of the beginning of the menstrual cycle where estrogen levels are low and the anterior pituitary begins to increase production of LH and FSH to stimulate follicles to begin to mature in the ovary

Day 12 of the follicular phase

The time when the estrogen levels become higher and the anterior pituitary gland releases LH

(rapid release of LH that causes the follicle to rupture and ovulation starts)

Progesterone in pregnancy

Progesterone rises and estrogen decreases (yellow body secretes progesterone until the placenta is formed)

Luteal phase

After ovulation, when the cells of the follicle change and are transformed

Corpus luteum

What the follicles become during ovulation; slowly degenerates as the menstrule cycle continues and produces high amounts of progesterone and some estrogen

(keeps LH and FSH levels low through negative feedback to prevent new follicles from maturing)

Gametes

Sex cells that are produced in the testes or ovaries

Primary spermatocytes

Sperm is produced daily

A female is born with

All her eggs already beginning to develop

Fertilization

It happens when the egg and sperm fuse together at the top of the oviduct (fallopian tube)

The 4 membranes that surround the embryo

Amnion, chorion, the yolk sac, and the allantois

Amniotic fluid

What surrounds an embryo that protects and cushions and insulates it

Chorion with the allantois

Contributes to the formation of the yolk sac, which in mammals, is the first site of the ref blood cells formation for the embryo

Placenta

Provides food and oxygen and also removes waste

Umbilical cord

A tube containing blood vessels, serves as the connection between the fetus and the mother

Fingerprints

Are formed in the first three months

When the mother feels the movement of the baby

In the fourth month of pregnancy

Non-specific immunity

The number of defenses in the immune system the body has the moment you are born (not aimed at a specific pathogen)

Non-specific immunity is the

First line of defense; includes barries, cellular defense, interferon, and inflammatory response

Skin (barrier)

The first line of defense that plays the important role of protecting the body against microorganisms

Chemical barriers that secrete enzyme lysozyme

Saliva, tears, mucus, and nasal secretions

Cilia

Hairs that line the airway (their beating motion sends bacteria away from the lungs)

Hydrochloric acid secreted in the stomach

The third line of chemical defense; it kills many microorganisms found in food that can cause diseases

Phagocytosis

White blood cells (neutrophils and macrophased) surround and internalize the foreign microorganisms, then they release digestive enzymes

Number of proteins found in blood plasma

20 proteins that are called complement proteins (they enhance phagocytosis)

Interferon

Virus-infected cells that secrete this protein to bind it to neighboring cells and stimulate these cells to product antiviral proteins that prevel viral replication

Inflammatory response

When a pathogen damages a tissue; chemicals are released by both the invader and cells of the body

Chemicals released in the inflammatory response

Attract phagocytes and make blood vesseles more mermeable to allow white blood cells to escape into the infected area

Example of an inflammatory response happening

Redness during an infectious disease

Lymph

Fluid that leaks out of the capillaries to the body cells (circulates among the tissue cells and collected by lymphatic vessels)

Lymphatic organs

Organs that contain lymphatic tissue, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus gland

Lymphocytes

Type of white blood cell that is produced in red bone marrow

Lymph nodes

Filter the lymph and remove foreign materials from the lymph

Tonsils

Form a protective ring of lymphatic tissue between the nasal and oral cavities (helps protect against bacteria and other harmful materials in the nose and mouth)

Spleen

Stores blood and destroys damaged red blood cells

Thymus gland

Located above the heart, plays the role in activating a special king of lymphocyte called T-cells

Antibodies

Proteins produced by B lymphocytes that specifically react with a foreign antigen

Antigen

A substance foreign to the body that causes an immune response (it can bind to an antibody or T-cells)

B lymphocytes (B cells)

Located in all lymphatic tissues and can be thought of as antibody factories

Passive immunity

Antibodies are made by people or animals and injected into the body; these antibodies can protect the child until the immune system matures

Passive immunity therapy

Offered to people who have been exposed to hepatitis A and B, tetanus, and rabies (antibodies are available to deactivate snake or scorpion venom)

Active immunity

Occurs after the immune system is exposed to disease antigens and memory cells are produced

Active immunity suspected cause

From having an infectious disease of immunization

Immunization (vaccination)

The deliberate exposure of the body to an inactive pathogen