Topic 1: Changing Population

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering concepts related to changing populations, migration policies, and demographic trends.

Birth rate

Live births per 1000 people per year.

Death rate

Deaths per 1000 people per year.

Fertility rate

Average children per woman.

Natural increase

When birth rate is greater than death rate.

Net migration

The difference between immigration and emigration.

LICs

Low Income Countries.

HICs

High Income Countries.

Pro-Natalist Policies

Policies aimed at increasing birth rates.

Anti-Natalist Policies

Policies aimed at reducing birth rates.

Economic migrant

Moves for work or better wages.

Elite expat

Highly skilled professional.

Irregular migrant

Enters a country without legal authorization.

Refugee

Flees persecution and seeks asylum.

Asylum seeker

Flees persecution and has a pending claim.

Forced migrant

Displaced by conflict or disaster.

Push factors

Conditions that drive people to leave their origin.

Pull factors

Conditions that attract migrants to a destination.

Temporary migration

For seasonal work or study, short-term commitment.

Permanent migration

Settling permanently in a destination country.

Circular migration

Moving back and forth between origin and destination.

Return migration

Going back to the origin country.

Border control

Efforts to monitor and regulate entry at borders.

Human rights

Legal protections for refugees and migrants.

Points-based system

System prioritizing skilled migrants for entry.

Guest worker programmes

Temporary work permits for migrants.

Voluntary return

Assisted return to origin country.

Forced return

Deportation – legal removal of migrants.

Readmission agreements

Origin country agrees to take back citizens.

Brain drain

Loss of educated and skilled workers from a country.

Cultural diversity

Variety of cultural expressions and traditions.

Dependency ratio

The ratio of dependents to working-age population.

Naturalization

The legal process for immigrants to become citizens.

Demographic imbalance

Population composition being skewed toward one group.

Remittances

Money sent back home by migrants.

Family reunification

Policy allowing families to unite across borders.

Cash bonuses

Financial incentives to encourage higher birth rates.

Extended paid leave

Longer time off for new parents after childbirth.

Subsidised childcare

Financial aid to reduce costs of childcare.

Job protection

Guarantees employment for parents returning from leave.

Fines for extra children

Financial penalties under policies to limit births.

Free contraception

Availability of contraceptives at no cost.

Girls' education

Initiatives focused on educating young women.

Gender imbalance

Disproportionate ratio of males to females in a population.

Ethical concerns

Moral issues arising from certain policies.

Cohesion

Social integration of migrants within a society.

Integration programmes

Support services for acclimating newcomers.

Illegal migration

Movement without legal authorization.

Trafficking

Illegal transportation of people for exploitation.

Migration policies

Government rules governing immigration and emigration.

Aging population

Increase in elderly citizens within a population.

Life expectancy

Average age to which a person is expected to live.

Population density

Number of people per square kilometer.

Population distribution

The spread of people across different areas.

Carrying capacity

Maximum population an environment can sustain.

Cultural beliefs

Deeply held values influencing population trends.

Market economy

Economic system based on supply and demand.

Workforce shortages

Lack of available skilled labor in a market.

Healthcare access

Availability of medical services for the population.

Family planning

Strategies to control reproduction rates.

Urban lifestyles

Ways of living associated with city environments.

Support services

Assistance provided to individuals or families.

Subsidised loans

Financial assistance with favorable repayment terms.

Parental allowance

Government payments to support new parents.

Early marriage

Marrying at a young age, often affecting birth rates.

Work-life balance

Managing professional and personal responsibilities.

Social tension

Strain between groups due to differing views.

Job competition

Struggle for employment opportunities among workers.

Crisis

A time of intense difficulty or danger.

Humanitarian aid

Support provided for humanitarian needs.

Legal status

Recognition of a person's right to reside in a country.

Community services

Support functions provided to local groups.

Migration trends

Patterns or shifts in where and why people migrate.