HOSA PATHO: Mental disorders

8%

Intellectual developmental disorder

neurodevelopmental condition originating before age 18, characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning (IQ, learning, reasoning) and adaptive behavior (conceptual, social, and practical daily life skills).

usual cause is hypoxia

Asperger syndrome

• similar to autism

• have problems with social interaction + communication

• average/above-average intelligence

• difficulty concentrating/poor coordination

• these individuals adjust as they get older

Childhood disintegrative disorder

rare condition

typically between age 2-10!!

lose language and social skills + loss of control of body functions, bladder and bowel control, logn period of normal development helps differentiate childhood disintegrative disorder from Rett syndrome

Rett syndrome

very rare disorder

• causes child to experience symptoms related to pervasive Development Disorder

• experiences problems with physical development

• COMMONLY: loss of motor/movement skills (adulation, use of hands, poor coordination)

• Usually only impacts girls

• associated with a defect on the x chromosome

Pervasive Development Disorder (not otherwise specified)

pervasive developmental disorder/not otherwise specified → child who does not meet the criteria for autism or asperger, but demonstrates several traits is considered to have pervasive Development Disorder, not otherwise specified.

Learning disorders

neurodevelopmental, brain-based conditions that impair
skill

Stuttering

Desc: communication disorder, frequent repetitions of sounds

S/s: stuttering, occurs usually between 2-7 yrs, if it is an adult/teenager may be due to neurologic causes

Cause: genetic factors, heightened by anxiety

Tx: speech therapy

Autism spectrum disorder (autism)

Desc: syndrome with communication deficits, misread nonverbal interactions, sensitive to environmental changes

S/s: impairment in social, communitive, nonverbal activates. May experience repetitive naturalistic motions

more common in men than women; 4 times more common

Cause: maternal rubella, encephalitis, phenylketonuria, HIGHLY heritable

Tx: behavioral therapy, risperidone, SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor), stimulants

four symptoms that are always present in autism

• social isolation

• cognitive (based on knowledge) impairment

• language deficits

• repetitive naturalistic motions

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Desc: persistent inattention leading to hyperactivity and impulsivity.

S/s: symptoms usually present before age 7. Difficulty sustaining attention, careless mistakes, not paying attention to detail, fidgeting, squirming, impatience

Cause: may be familial/genetic

Tx: stimulants

ADHD predominantly inattentive type:

subtype used if six or more symptoms of inattention (but fewer than six of hyperactivity-impusivity) have presisted for at least 6 months.

ADHD predominantly hyperactivity-impulsive type

six or more of hyperactivity/impulsivity are present, but fewer than 6 of inattentio and have presisted for at least 6 months

ADHD combined

six or more of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity have presisted for at least six months

Oppositional defiant disorder

Desc: children display defiant behavior towards authority figures

S/s: losing tempers, arguing with adults, irritable

Cause: negative child/parent temperament, ADHD, and parent and family stress events

Tx: mood stabilizers, family therapy

Tourette's Disorder/Gilles de la Tourette syndrome

Desc: multiple motor or vocal tics

moire common in men/incidence

S/s: tics, can be physical or oral

Cause: may be inherited, may also be caused by streptococcal infections

Tx: calming medication

Dementia

progressive and degenerative, unnatural, memory loss, usually due to a pathologic condition such as Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s disease.

Vascular dementia

ischema causes dementia

-atherosclerotic plaque grows in carotid arteries and cerebral arteries

MRI scan

drugs to increase blood flow (ex. low does aspirin)

Dementia by head trauma

injury, ischemia, dementia

hypoxia, ischemia, hematoma

necrosis of brain cells/neurons

CT and MRI scans

Alzheimer’s disease

progressive degenerative disease of the brain that results in decreased mental and physical function. It is caused by amyloid plaques in the brain (usually; the cause is unknown) isnidous onset.

• over 65 years.

• incidence 80 years and over

abnoramility of chromosome 21

presence of amyloid plaques and brain scans neurofibrillary tangling

cholinestrase inhibitors

Alcohol abuse

physical/psychological dependence on regular intake of alcohol. Often shows familial pattern

• frequent infections, hypertension, and gastrointestinal problems.

• Prolonged alcoholism may cause cirrhosis of the liver.

• genetic or biologic factors, depression, emotional conflict, social factors

• high levels of GGT (gamma-glutamyltransferase).

0.08 is legally drunk in 45 states, 0.1 legally drunk in all states

Drug abuse

misuse of various drugs that modify mood or behavior. caused by peer pressure, bad home environment, poor coping skills, prescription drugs.

Schizophrenia

major psychiatric disturbance that may result in chronic, mental dysfunction, producing varying degrees of impairment.

• delusion, catatonnic (grossly disorganized behavior), hallucinations,

• withdrawl, odd behavio, and deshelved apearance

genetic factors play a significant role

more in men tahn women

PET scan

antipsychotic drugs; neurmalignant syndrome could be a consequence to antipsychotic drugs

Bipolar disorder

mood swings from a hyperactive or manic state to a depressive episode. Altered neurotransmitter levels, endocrine disorders, electrolyte imbalances may be a cause.

intense highs and lows

antidepressents/medication is specific to situation

Major depressive disorder

A mood disorder in which a person experiences one or more major depressive episodes. Psychosocial pressures, chronic physical illness, and alcohol dependence are predisposing factors.

antidepressants and SSRIs

Postpartum depression/baby blues: mother experiences depression after delivering the baby. Feelings of killing the infant, running away, or other intense feelings are common.

seasonal affective disorder/seasonal pattern specifier: depression that is manifested during the same time each year/around the same time. Typically occurs in the winterm hwere there is a lack of vitamin D/sunlight.

Anxiety/neuroses

four specific types

-anxiousness, and can lead to alcoholism or depression

Generalized anxiety

• free-floating anxiety, and live in a constant state of causeless anxiety

• worry about past and future; hate making decisions

• accompanied by diarrhea, elevated bp and sustained muscular tension

• LOW GABA

panic disorder

• must at least have 4 panic attacks within a month

• more sever onset that generalized anxiety

• abrupt anxiety; feelings of impending doom

• elevated heart rate, palpitations, and derealization

Phobic disorder

• excessive and persistent avoidance of the phobic stimulus

• severe anxiety attack when encountering phobia

obsessive compulsive disorder

• presence of obsessions and compulsions ( persistent urge to carry out specific actions)

• intrusions of unwanted thoughts

• develop senseless actions or rituals that relieve anxiety

May be caused by stress, anxiety, or hyperthyroidism.

PET for chemical activity

breathing exercises and therapy

Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with stretococcal infections (PANDAS)

OCD caused by GABHS, group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection

acute emotional pain and anxiety

streptococcal presence and physical exmination

antibitoics

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

delayed response to an external traumatic event. Treated with counseling and drug therapy.

• common in veterans

Somatoform disorder (Briquet's Syndrome)

a somatoform disorder marked by numerous recurring physical ailments (GI, sexual, neurotic) without an organic basis. May have familial pattern to be related to stress.

somatoform disorders: mental disorders in which the person experiences physical symptoms without an underlying organic cause.

conversion disorder

anxiety is transformed into physical symptoms such as heart palpitations, paralysis, tics, tremors, or blindness. Usually caused by a stressful situation

pain disorder

manifests as chronic pain that causes distress and physical and social impairment. May have pathologic and psychological factors.

hypochondriasis

fear of having a serious disease, do not consciously fake symptoms

factitious disorder (Munchausen syndrome)

mental illness where the patient stimulates symptoms of illness for no other reason other to get attention.

gender dysphonia

Conditions in which an individual feels a powerful connection with the opposite sex and wants to be the other sex

insomnia

Difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep. Could be caused by jet lag, stimulants, or environmental factors.

parasomnia/sleep arousal disorders

group of sleep disorders that include sleepwalking, night terrors, and nightmares. In older adults it may be linked to a CNS pathologic process. Lithium and certain drugs can cause the condition. Treated with drug therapy.

narcolepsy

irresistible daytime sleep episodes. May be familial, genetic aberration in REM sleep time.

sleep apnea

short periods of breathing cessation during sleep. Caused by nasal obstruction, obesity, hypertension.

antisocial disorder

behavior patterns of antisocial personalities. Usually emerge by age 15.

cluster A (paranoid personality disorder)

personality disorders, includes paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder

cluster B (antisocial personality disorder/borderline personality disorder)

includes antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, Histrionic disorder, narcissistic disorder

cluster C

includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders

Paranoid personality disorder

Does not trust others, constantly suspicious

Schizoid personality disorder (SPD)

lack emotions of pleasure or pain.

schizotypal personality disorder

similar to SPD. Difference is that they have ideas of reference such as superstition.

Antisocial personality disorder (APD)

a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood

Borderline personality disorder (BPD)

pattern of unstable interpersonal relationships, self-image, and feelings.

Histrionic disorder

display overly dramatic and theatrical mannerisms, want to be center of attention.

Narcissistic disorder

pathologic self-love or grandiose self-admiration.

Avoidant personality disorder

avoids social situations because of fears of criticisms, disapproval, or rejection.

Dependent personality disorder (DPD)

excessively relying on others to make decisions for them.

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

preoccupation with orderliness, perfection, and mental and interpersonal control. Perfectionists.