Diabetes and Endocrine Disorders Lecture Notes

These flashcards cover essential concepts related to diabetes, its complications, and endocrine disorders for a comprehensive understanding.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

A serious complication of diabetes characterized by hyperglycemia, ketosis, and acidosis.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM)

An absolute insulin deficiency due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.

Acidosis

A condition in which there is an excess of acid in the body fluids, notably characterized in DKA.

Insulin

A hormone that facilitates the uptake of glucose into cells and inhibits lipolysis and ketogenesis.

Polyuria

Excessive urination often seen in diabetes due to osmotic diuresis caused by high glucose levels.

Polydipsia

Excessive thirst caused by dehydration and high blood sugar.

Polyphegia

Excessive hunger resulting from cellular starvation in diabetes.

Kussmaul Respirations

Deep, rapid breathing pattern seen in acidosis as the body attempts to compensate by blowing off CO2.

Hyperglycemia

An abnormally high level of glucose in the blood, often seen in diabetes.

Anion Gap

A value calculated from the results of an electrolyte panel used to help identify the cause of metabolic acidosis.

Bicarbonate (HCO3)

A buffer in the blood; low values indicate metabolic acidosis, common in DKA.

Fruity Breath

A sweet breath odor indicative of acetone presence due to ketosis, often found in DKA.

Cerebral Edema

Swelling of the brain that can result from improper management of DKA.

Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults (LADA)

A type of diabetes that has features of both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, typically occurs in adults.

HbA1c

A measure of average blood sugar levels over the past 2 to 3 months used to diagnose diabetes.

Sick Day Rules

Guidelines advising patients to continue insulin use during illness and monitor blood glucose closely.

Addison's Disease

A disorder characterized by inadequate production of adrenal hormones, leading to symptoms such as fatigue and hypotension.

Cushing's Syndrome

A condition resulting from excessive cortisol production, often associated with obesity and a characteristic facial appearance.

Thyroid Storm

A life-threatening exacerbation of hyperthyroidism characterized by hyperthermia, tachycardia, and delirium.

Hypoglycemia

A condition where blood sugar drops below 70 mg/dL, potentially leading to seizures or loss of consciousness.