Dance, folk, national⭐️

What is nationalism in music?

The use of musical elements such as folk melodies, national dances, programmatic ideas, and cultural symbols.

What was the style galant?

A reaction against the density of Baroque music; lighter, simpler, elegant style with balanced phrases, melody-led texture, and transparent harmonies.

Which composers were associated with style galant?

Couperin and Rameau (France), Sammartini and Stamitz-Manhiem (Italy).

What is empfindsamer Stil?

A more expressive musical style, associated with C.P.E. Bach in North Germany.

How were William Boyce’s symphonies unique?

Written independently of European developments; more contrapuntal and influenced by Handel.

What is the Minuet and how was it used early on?

A stately triple-time dance from Baroque suites; later used as the third movement in symphonies.

How was 'Gypsy music' used in the Classical period?

The Esterházy family employed gypsy musicians; Haydn included 'Gypsy style' elements in his works.

What folk element appears in Mozart’s Linz Symphony?

A Ländler (Austrian folk dance in triple meter) used as the third movement.

How is folk influence shown in Haydn 104?

Short, regular phrases and a finale melody resembling Croatian folk song 'Oj Jelena.'

How is the Minuet in Haydn 104 different from court dances?

Strong accents and more energetic, like a peasant dance.

What are features of the 3rd movement in Haydn 104?

Minuet and trio, simple textures, balanced phrases, homophonic style.

How does Beethoven’s Eroica (No. 3) reflect nationalism?

Through themes of heroism and individualism reflecting broader national identity.

What replaced the Minuet in Beethoven’s symphonies?

The Scherzo, showing a shift away from aristocratic traditions.

What does the Ode to Joy theme (No. 9) represent?

International brotherhood.

What inspired Mendelssohn’s Symphony No. 4?

His travels in Italy.

What characterises the 1st movement of Mendelssohn's Symphony No. 4?

Dance-like theme evoking Italian sunshine.

What is notable about the 2nd movement of Mendelssohn's Symphony No. 4?

Processional feel with walking bass and Czech pilgrim song melody.

How does the 3rd movement of Mendelssohn's Symphony No. 4 reflect nationality?

References his home country Germany with hunting calls and forest imagery.

What dances appear in the finale of Mendelssohn's Symphony No. 4?

Saltarello and tarantella - these were heard on his travels.

How does Dvořák’s New World Symphony use nationalism?

Combines Czech folk elements with American influences.

What is unusual about Tchaikovsky’s Symphony No. 6 dance movement?

The dance movement is 2nd, not 3rd, with a waltz feel in ternary form.

Who were “The Five”?

A group of self-trained Russian composers aiming to create a distinct national style.

How did “The Five” influence later composers?

Influenced Russians like Prokofiev and Stravinsky, and French composers like Ravel and Debussy.

How does Mahler’s Symphony No. 2 reflect nationalism?

Uses folk-like melodies and rhythms inspired by Bohemian traditions.