Biology Lecture Review: Metabolism, Cells, and Taxonomy

Flashcards covering endocytosis, cellular energy (ATP, photosynthesis, respiration), microbial diversity, and biological classification based on the lecture notes.

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis referred to as 'cell eating'.

Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis referred to as 'cell drinking'.

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A transport process that only allows substances in that fit the specific receptors.

Hypertonic

A solution with a high concentration of solute.

Hypotonic

A solution with a low concentration of solute.

Isotonic

A state where there is an equal concentration of solute.

Turgor pressure

The pressure exerted by the vacuole on the cell wall; the vacuole expands when water enters making the cell 'crispy' and shrinks when water leaves making it 'soggy'.

Oxidation

The loss of electrons and a decrease in energy; associated with the acronym LEO (Lose Electrons Oxidized).

Reduction

The gain of electrons and an increase in energy; associated with the acronym GER (Gain Electrons Reduced).

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

A higher energy molecule with three phosphate groups ($A-P-P-P$) that releases energy when a bond breaks.

ADP (Adenosine diphosphate)

A lower energy molecule consisting of adenosine and two phosphate groups ($A-P-P$).

ATP synthase

An enzyme that uses energy from hydrogen diffusion to turn $ADP$ into $ATP$.

Chemosynthesis

The process of using chemicals, such as hydrogen sulfide, to build energy; often used by bacteria near hydrothermal vents.

Calvin Cycle

The 'dark reaction' of photosynthesis that takes place in the stroma, uses $NADPH$, and produces glucose ($C_{6}H_{12}O_{6}$).

Light reaction

The phase of photosynthesis where light enters $PSII$, water is added to provide electrons, and energy is used to photophosphorylate $ADP$ to $ATP$ and reduce $NADP+$ to $NADPH$.

Glycolysis

An anaerobic process in the cytoplasm where glucose is split into $2$ pyruvate, resulting in a net gain of $2$ $ATP$ and $2$ $NADH$.

Kreb's Cycle

A stage of cellular respiration in the mitochondria that processes $acetyl-CoA$ to produce $CO_{2}$, $NADH$, $FADH$, and $ATP$.

Oxidative phosphorylation

The final stage of cellular respiration where $NADH$ and $FADH$ are oxidized to generate approximately $32$ $ATP$.

Binary fission

The method of reproduction for Archaea and Bacteria involving the splitting of a cell into two.

Methanogens

Members of Domain Archaea that are obligate anaerobes (oxygen kills them) and produce methane as waste.

Strict halophiles

Extremophile Archaea that live in very salty solutions and possess pinky pigments.

Gram-negative

Bacteria whose cell walls turn red during a gram stain test.

Gram-positive

Bacteria whose cell walls turn purple during a gram stain test.

Bryophytes

Non-vascular plants that lack vascular tissue and remain very small.

Tracheophytes

Vascular plants that possess tissue allowing them to grow tall.

Cellular Respiration Equation

$C_{6}H_{12}O_{6} + 6O_{2} \rightarrow 6CO_{2} + 6H_{2}O$; builds energy by breaking down sugar.

Photosynthesis Equation

$6CO_{2} + 6H_{2}O \rightarrow C_{6}H_{12}O_{6} + 6O_{2}$; stores energy by building sugar.

Binomial Nomenclature

A naming system where the first part is the Genus (capitalized noun) and the second part is the Species (lowercase adjective).

Endosymbiosis

The theory that eukaryotic cells evolved when one prokaryote engulfed another but did not digest it; evidenced by double membranes and organelles having their own DNA.

Facilitated diffusion

The movement of molecules down a concentration gradient through an integral protein.

Active transport

The movement of substances against a gradient which requires energy.

Cocci

Bacterial cells that are round in shape.

Bacilli

Bacterial cells that are straight in shape.

Strep

A colony type where bacterial cells are arranged in a chain.

Staph

A colony type where bacterial cells are arranged in a cluster.