chap 39 hormones
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72 Terms
What are hormones?
Chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream and affect target cells
What determines whether a cell responds to a hormone?
Presence of specific receptors on the target cell
What is endocrine signaling?
Hormones traveling long distances through the blood
What is paracrine signaling?
Chemical signals that act on nearby cells
What is autocrine signaling?
Signals that act on the same cell that released them
What are peptide hormones?
Water-soluble hormones that bind to membrane receptors
How do peptide hormones work?
They activate signal transduction pathways inside the cell
Give an example of a peptide hormone
Insulin
What are steroid hormones?
Lipid-soluble hormones derived from cholesterol
How do steroid hormones work?
They enter cells and affect gene expression
Give examples of steroid hormones
Testosterone and estrogen
What are amine hormones?
Hormones derived from amino acids that can be water- or lipid-soluble
Give an example of an amine hormone
Epinephrine
What is the difference between nervous and endocrine systems?
Nervous is fast and short-lasting; endocrine is slow and long-lasting
What is the role of the hypothalamus?
Controls the endocrine system and links it to the nervous system
What is the pituitary gland?
The master gland that controls other endocrine glands
What hormones does the anterior pituitary release?
TSH, LH, FSH, ACTH, growth hormone
What are tropic hormones?
Hormones that control other endocrine glands
What hormones does the posterior pituitary release?
ADH and oxytocin
What does ADH do?
Increases water reabsorption in kidneys and raises blood pressure
What does oxytocin do?
Stimulates childbirth contractions and milk release
What is a negative feedback loop?
A system where the final hormone inhibits earlier steps
Give an example of a hormone feedback loop
Hypothalamus → pituitary → thyroid → thyroxine → inhibition
What hormones are involved in the fight-or-flight response?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
What are effects of epinephrine?
Increased heart rate, blood glucose, and blood flow to muscles
What does growth hormone do?
Stimulates growth of bones and tissues
What hormones control puberty?
GnRH, LH, and FSH
What does GnRH do?
Stimulates the pituitary to release LH and FSH
What are thyroid hormones?
T3 and T4 that regulate metabolism
What is hypothyroidism?
Low thyroid hormone leading to slow metabolism
What is hyperthyroidism?
High thyroid hormone leading to fast metabolism
What is a goiter?
Enlargement of the thyroid gland often due to iodine deficiency
What does calcitonin do?
Lowers blood calcium levels
What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?
Raises blood calcium levels
What does vitamin D do?
Increases calcium absorption from food
What hormone lowers blood glucose?
Insulin
What hormone raises blood glucose?
Glucagon
What do beta cells produce?
Insulin
What do alpha cells produce?
Glucagon
What is type I diabetes?
Lack of insulin production
What is type II diabetes?
Insulin resistance
What are symptoms of diabetes?
High blood glucose, frequent urination, dehydration
What hormone is involved in long-term stress?
Cortisol
What does cortisol do?
Raises blood glucose and suppresses the immune system
What hormone is involved in short-term stress?
Epinephrine
What gland releases epinephrine?
Adrenal medulla
What is melatonin?
A hormone that regulates sleep cycles
What gland produces melatonin?
Pineal gland