Chapter 7 Nutrition Exam (part two)

Energy metabolism

Process of breaking down food into energy the body can use.

Thiamin (B1)

Helps convert carbohydrates into energy.

Riboflavin (B2)

Helps release energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Niacin (B3)

Involved in energy production and metabolism.

Pantothenic acid

Helps synthesize coenzymes used in energy metabolism.

Biotin

Supports energy metabolism, DNA synthesis, and blood glucose maintenance.

Choline

Vitamin-like compound involved in metabolism and cell function.

Phytochemicals

Nonnutritive plant compounds that help prevent disease and act as antioxidants.

Carotenoids

Phytochemicals that protect against eye disease and support health.

Flavonoids

Phytochemicals with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Sources of phytochemicals

Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, soy, tea, fish, dairy.

Importance of variety

Different phytochemicals work together, so a varied diet is essential.

Best storage practices

Refrigerate produce, avoid cutting until use, eat frozen veggies quickly.

Cooking methods to preserve vitamins

Use minimal water, cook briefly, steam or microwave.

Vitamin-mineral supplement

A product used to fill nutrient gaps when diet is insufficient.

Who may need supplements

Pregnant women, vegans, older adults, people with illnesses, restricted diets, or nutrient deficiencies.

Supplement guidelines

Should not exceed 100–150% of daily values; price ≠ quality; keep away from children.

Cancer risk factors

Poor diet, obesity, alcohol, low physical activity, processed foods.

Cancer prevention diet

High in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes.

Role of antioxidants in cancer prevention

Help repair DNA and reduce free radical damage.

Recommendations to reduce colon cancer

Eat more whole grains, non starchy veggies and fruits, limit intake of red meat, be physically active, maintain a healthy weight.

Groups that may need vitamin supplements

Pregnant or breastfeeding women, vegans, people who are sick or recovering from surgery, people with poor diets or restricting calories, people with alcohol/drug addictions, People with chronic diseases, women with excessive menstrual bleeding, People restricting energy intake