Honors A&P Spring Final Review
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231 Terms
what diagram is this ?
a sarcomere
what diagram is this ?
a muscle bundle
what are the three types of muscle and where are they located ?
skeletal muscle is attached to bones, cardiac muscle is found in the heart, and smooth muscle is located in organs and blood vessels.
what are the parts of a muscle cell ?
the sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, sarcoplasmic reticulum, myofibrils, sarcomeres, actin, myosin, and mitochondria.
what is the sarcolemma role ?
the muscle cell membrane that receives the nerve signal.
what is the sarcoplasm role ?
the cytoplasm of the muscle cell where organelles are located.
what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum role ?
stores and releases calcium needed for contraction.
what is the sarcomeres role ?
repeating units within myofibrils; the actual functional unit of muscle contraction.
what is the myofibrils role ?
long contractile structures inside the muscle fiber.
what is the actin role ?
slides inward during contraction.
what is the myosin role ?
pulls on actin to shorten the sarcomere.
what is the mitochondria role ?
provide ATP (energy) needed for contraction.
contraction
shortening of muscle fibers that produces force and movement.
neuromuscular junction
point where a motor neuron meets a muscle fiber.
what is insertion in muscles ?
the point of attachment of a muscle to a movable bone
what is origin in muscles ?
the attachment to an immovable bone.
prime mover
main muscle doing movement
antagonist
opposes movement
synergist
assists prime mover
what is the function of acetylcholine
neurotransmitter that stimulates muscle contraction
what is this a diagram of ?
enodcrine glands
the pituitary gland produces…
growth hormone
the thyroid gland produces…
thyroxine
the parathyroid glands produces…
parathyroid hormone
the adrenal glands produces…
epinephrine
the pancreas produces…
insulin & glucagon
the pineal gland produces…
melatonin
the ovaries produces…
estrogen & progesterone
the testes produces…
testosterone
lipid hormones
pass through cell membrane, slower but long lasting
protein hormones
bind to receptors on cell surface, fast acting
hormone
chemical messenger carried in blood to target cells.
how does alcohol have and effect on hormone secretion ?
affecting hormone production and release, and altering the response of target cells to hormones.
symptoms of addison’s diseases include…
fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, muscle weakness, darkening of skin
types of white blood cells are…
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.
neutrophils
fights bacteria
eosinophils
fight parasites
basophils
release histamine
lymphocytes
produce antibodies and fight viruses; immunity
monocytes
become macrophages
granulocyte
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
agranulocytes
lymphocytes, monocytes
normal blood pH
typically between 7.35 and 7.45
hematocrit
percentage of blood made up of red blood cells
what is the function of hemoglobin ?
carries oxygen in red blood cells
anemia
low red blood cell count or low hemoglobin
diapedesis
the process by which white blood cells move out of the circulatory system and into tissues
how do white blood cells travel through blood vessel walls ?
diapedesis
what are the formed elements ?
( erythrocytes ) red blood cells, ( leukocytes ) white blood cells, and platelets.
which formed element is do we have ample amount of ?
red blood cells
three proteins found in plasma are…
albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
albumin
maintains osmotic pressure
globulins
antibodies
fibrinogen
blood clotting
how is bleeding stopped ?
the process of hemostasis
hemostasis
is the process that prevents and stops bleeding, involving vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.
what is erythrocyte production called
erythropoiesis which in produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels.
hemophilia
genetic disorder causing poor blood clotting
antigen
substance that triggers an immune response
what is ABO blood typing?
ABO blood typing classifies blood into four types based on the presence or absence of specific antigens: Type A has A antigens, Type B has B antigens, Type AB has both A and B antigens, and Type O has none.
what is this a diagram of ?
instricisc system
what is this a diagram of ?
the heart
what are the two pathways of circulation ?
pulmonary circulation and systematic circulation
pulmonary circulation
part of the circulatory system responsible for transporting deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs
systematic circulation
what are the four valves of the heart ?
tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral ( bicuspid), aortic
what is this a diagram of ?
what are the ducts of the system ?
right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct
edema
excess fluid accumulation in tissues
neutrophils = fights bacteria
eosinophils = fight parasites
basophils = release histamine
lymphocytes = immunity
monocytes = become macrophages
- Granulocyte; agranulocytes
granulocyte = neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
agranulocytes = lymphocytes, monocytes
- What is normal blood pH?
7.35 - 7.45
- Define hematocrit
percentage of blood made up of red blood cells.
- What is the function of hemoglobin?
carries oxygen in red blood cells.
- Define anemia
low red blood cell count or low hemoglobin.
- How do white blood cells travel through blood vessel walls?
diapedesis
- Name the formed elements; which is most abundant?
erythrocytes (red blood cells)
leukocytes (white blood cells)
platelets
most abundant = red blood cells
- What are the three proteins found in plasma; functions