Year 11 Biology Term 2 Phase 06 and 07 - Structure and function of Heterotrophs

Module 2, syllabus dot points 2.2c, 2.3b, 2.2f, 2.3a, 2.3b

True or false: Heterotrophs are able to obtain glucose and oxygen needed for respiration from their own cells - like plants.

False

What organ system in animals allows for the obtaining of glucose and other nutritents?

The digestive system

What organ system in animals allows for the obtaining of oxygen from the atmosphere?

The respiratory system

How are substances consumed during respiration carried all around the body/what transport medium is used in animals?

Blood/blood cells

What two products go back into the bloodstream and get exhaled during respiration?

Carbon dioxide and water

What is the word equation for respiration?

Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water + energy

What are some key differences between photosynthesis and respiration?

• Respiration uses sugar to create ATP (energy) while photosynthesis uses sunlight (energy) to create sugar.

• The reactants of photosynthesis are CO2 and Water, while the reactants of respiration are O2 and Glucose

• The products of photosynthesis are O2 and Glucose while the products of respiration are CO2 and Water

What is the respiratory system in mammals?

A group of organs that allow gases to move in and out of the body.

What are the organs within the respiratory system of mammals?

Airways (mouth and nose), windpipe (trachea), lungs, and diaphragm.

How are the lungs connected to the trachea in the repsiratory system of mammals?

By the bronchi ( bronchus plural)

Each bronchus in the respiratory system then branches into many….

bronchiolas

What do the bronchioles end in at the end of their branches into the lungs?

Aleveoli

What are alevoli (in simple terms)?

Tiny air sacs

What are alveoli’s wrapped in?

Capillaries

What is the purpose of alveolis in the respiratory system?

Allows gases to move in and out of the bloodtsream via diffusion.

How does having millions of alevoli in lungs help gas exchange?

It increases surface area and makes diffusion more efficient.

What is the purpose of capillaries (the ones that cover alveoli’s) in the respiratory system?

To bring deoxygenated blood back to the lungs from the other body cells

What gas diffuses from the blood in the capillaries to the alveoli the capillaries are surrounding (in the context of the respiratory system)?

CO2

What gas diffuses from the alveoli into the capillaries surrounding the alveoli (in the context of the respiratory system)?

O2 - making the blood in the capillaries oxygenated.

How does gas exchange in fish work?

As they swim, they gulp water which passes across and out the gills. The layers of the gills (lamellae) are covered in blood vessels. As the water passes over the blood vessels, dissolved oxygen is absorbed by diffusion, and dissolved carbon dioxide in the blood travels out into the water.

What are some structures in the respiratory system/gas exchange occuring in fish?

Lamellae, gill arch, blood vessels, gill filaments.

What are structures involved in the gas exchange occuring within insects?

Spiracles, trachea, muscles, fluid-filled tracheoles

Where do animals obtain their nutrients and glucose required for survival?

From food

What is physical digestion?

Physically breaking food into smaller pieces - for example, chewing food in your mouth.

What is chemical digestion?

Reactions that break down nutrients into simpler substances - for example, using acids and enzymes to break down chemical bonds in the food.

What are organs involved in the digestive system of mammals?

Mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.

What is the function of the mouth in the digestive system?

Takes in food and prepares it for body absorption

What is the function of the oesophagus in the digestive system?

Acts as a transit highway and connects throat to stomach

What is the function of the stomach in the digestive system?

Stores swallowed foods, churns it and uses stomach acids and enzymes to chemically break it down.

What is the function of the liver in the digestive system?

Acts as the central processing plant and filter. It produces bile to break down fats, processes and stores nutrients absorbed from intestines and filters toxins and waste.

What is the function of the gall bladder in the digestive system?

Stores, concentrates and releases bile when you eat, allowing the system to break down and absorb fats.

What is the function of the pancreas in the digestive system?

Drives digestion through exocrine and endocrine function. Exocrine - produces and secretes digestive fluid daily. Endocrine - secreting hormones directly into the blood stream to regulate blood glucose levels.

What is the function of the small intestine in the digestive system?

Finishes breaking down semi-solid foods and absorbs nearly all the nutrients, vitamins, minerals and water for body function.

What is the function of the large intestine in the digestive system?

Absorb remaining water and electrolytes from indigestible food matter, convert liquid waste into solid stool, and house beneficial bacteria that produce essential vitamins.

What are 3 different chemicals in the digestive system?

Bile, stomach acid, enzymes.

What is the function of bile in the digestive system?

Produced by the lvier and stored in the gall bladder; helps break down fats.

What is the function of stomach acid in the digestive system?

Hydrochloric acid with a pH of around 2, helps break down food and kill any pathogens. (e.g. bacteria)

What is the function of enzymes in the digestive system?

Range of different types that break down different substances

How is surface area maximised during digestion?

By the increased SA of food, through chewing and physical digestion.

Also by the increased SA of organs to maximise absorption - e.g. small intestines have villi (tiny folds) and microvilli (tiny hair like structures on their cells) to increase absorption of nutrients.

What is the circulatory system in animals?

The bodys primary transportation network for nutrients, gases, and water.

How are water, nutrients and gases transported in the circulatory system?

Dissolved/carried in the blood.

What is the cardiovascular system?

A network responsible for the pumping and circulating of blood throughout the body.

In animals, what is the name of the fluid that transports the gases, nutrients and wastes around the body?

Blood

How is blood transported around the cardiovascular and circulatory system in mammals?

Via blood vessels and pumped by the heart.

What are the 3 different kinds of blood vessels?

Arteries, veins, and capillaries.

What structures does the cardiovascular system consist of?

The heart, blood vessels, and blood.

What is the function of the heart in the cardiovascular system?

Pumps blood around the body.

What is the function of the blood vessels in the cardiovascular system?

They carry the blood

What is the function of blood in the cardiovascular system?

acts as a transport medium to transport nutrients, gases, water, etc.