Microbial growth controlling.docx

Pasteurisation

________: using heat to kill pathogens and microbes that cause food spoilage.

Glutaraldehyde

________: is used to disinfect medical and dental equipment of bacteria, fungi, and viruses.

Chloramines

________: used as skin antiseptics and in water supplies.

Chemical antimicrobials

________ may take longer to have an effect on especially resistant microbes or endospores.

Formaldehyde

________: is dissolved in water to make formalin, which is used to disinfect surgical equipment and other equipment, including dialysis machines.

cytoplasmic membranes

Can denature proteins and disrupt ________ when mixed with water.

Turbidity

________: means the cloudiness of a liquid due to the presence of insoluble matter.

Heavy metals

________: including zinc, silver, nickel, and copper all denature enzymes and inhibit proteins in microbes.

Antisepsis

________: reducing pathogens and viruses on living tissue using antimicrobials such as iodine or alcohol, which disinfects the living tissue without killing them.

Chlorine

________: used to treat drinking water, swimming pools, and wastewater.

Evaporate

________ quickly, which minimises contact time with bacteria and may make them less effective.

Metabolic activity

________: bacteria metabolise and produce waste; these waste products are measured in a colony (such as CO2) and they can indicate how many bacteria there are.

Disinfection

________: using chemical or physical agents to destroy microbes and viruses on non- living tissue.

Halogens

________: are effective against vegetative bacterial cells, fungal cells, fungal spores, protozoan cysts, and some viruses.

area of injection

Degerming: using mechanical means to remove microbes (cleaning the ________ using an alcohol wipe)

Carbon

________: is essential for microbial growth as all living things are made up of ________.

spectrometer

A(n) ________ is an instrument that transmits light through bacteria suspended in a liquid medium, hitting a photoelectric cell.

Obligate aerobes

________: organisms that require oxygen.

Sanitation

________: removing microbes from eating and drinking utensils, which involves washing the objects at high temperatures, or putting them in disinfectant baths.

Stationary phase

________: the rate of growth slows down, some microorganisms die, and the number of living and dead are roughly equal.

Aseptic

________: something free from pathogen contaminants.

Death phase

________: the dead cells exceed the new living cells and eventually, the population diminishes.

Autotrophs

________: organisms that use CO2 as a source of carbon.

Oxygen

________ ca act as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, producing ATP.

Petri

To grow microbes, agar media are kept in test tubes or ________ dishes and the lid of the tube /________ dish must remain closed to prevent contamination.

Culture media

________ is used by scientist to study the grow of microbes.

Heterotrophs

________: organisms that feed on organic compounds.

Sterilisation

________: destroying all microbes, viruses, and endospores and carries them out using steam under pressure, incineration, or a(n) ________ gas, to prepare cultured media and tinned foods.

Direct microscopic count

________: in this method bacteria are suspended in a liquid in a select area of a microscopic slide.

molecules

All microbes require nutrients (chemicals) to grow and develop (build ________ and cellular structures)

Phenols

________ and ________ (alcohols and halogens) denature proteins in cells and disrupt plasma membranes.

Chemical agent

________: a chemical that enhances or inhibits a microbes growth, some examples: phenols and phenolics, glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde.

Filtration methods

________: are another way of measuring bacteria.

Sterile

________: no living organisms in the culture until the researcher introduces the microbes.

Antimicrobial agents

________ either affect a microbes cytoplasmic membranes or cell walls, or its ability to metabolise and reproduce.

Obligate anaerobes

________: organisms to which oxygen is poisonous.

Agar

________: a solidifying agent, its an excellent culture medium, as most microorganisms can not degrade it.

semipermeable membranes

If the ________ are damaged, the cells contents may leak out, killing the cell.

Dry weight

________: in the case of moulds, its possible to remove them from their growth media, filter them, and remove their water with a desiccator, and then, weighing the mould gives its ________.

sterile material

It is a(n) ________ that provides the microbes with the nutrients they need.

Facultative anaerobes

________: organisms that can use oxygen, but dont need it.

Water

________ is poured through a membrane with small pores that doesnt allow bacteria through.

CO2

Making ________ into organic compounds obtaining carbon from nutrients, nutrients which include proteins, carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids.

Plate count

________: a method of measuring bacterial growth which involves counting the microbes viable cells.

Log phase

________: the cells divide, and the organism grows.

Halogens

________ include iodine, which inhibits protein function in microbes.

Autotrophs

organisms that use CO2 as a source of carbon

Heterotrophs

organisms that feed on organic compounds

Carbon

is essential for microbial growth as all living things are made up of carbon

Obligate aerobes

organisms that require oxygen

Facultative anaerobes

organisms that can use oxygen, but dont need it

Obligate anaerobes

organisms to which oxygen is poisonous

Sterile

no living organisms in the culture until the researcher introduces the microbes

Agar

a solidifying agent, its an excellent culture medium, as most microorganisms cannot degrade it

Lag phase

an intense metabolic activity occurs inside the microbes

Log phase

the cells divide, and the organism grows

Stationary phase

the rate of growth slows down, some microorganisms die, and the number of living and dead are roughly equal

Death phase

the dead cells exceed the new living cells and eventually, the population diminishes

Plate count

a method of measuring bacterial growth which involves counting the microbes viable cells

Pour plate

it involves adding 1 or 0.1 ml of bacterial solution to a Petri dish with melted agar, when the agar solidifies, the plate is incubated to measure the growth of the bacteria

Special/spread plate

0.1 ml of the bacteria is added to pre-poured agar, and spread evenly over the solution

Filtration methods

are another way of measuring bacteria

Direct microscopic count

in this method bacteria are suspended in a liquid in a select area of a microscopic slide

Turbidity

means the cloudiness of a liquid due to the presence of insoluble matter

Metabolic activity

bacteria metabolise and produce waste; these waste products are measured in a colony (such as CO2) and they can indicate how many bacteria there are

Dry weight

in the case of moulds, its possible to remove them from their growth media, filter them, and remove their water with a desiccator, and then, weighing the mould gives its dry weight

Sterilisation

destroying all microbes, viruses, and endospores and carries them out using steam under pressure, incineration, or a sterilising gas, to prepare cultured media and tinned foods

Antisepsis

reducing pathogens and viruses on living tissue using antimicrobials such as iodine or alcohol, which disinfects the living tissue without killing them

Disinfection

using chemical or physical agents to destroy microbes and viruses on non-living tissue

Degerming

using mechanical means to remove microbes (cleaning the area of injection using an alcohol wipe)

Pasteurisation

using heat to kill pathogens and microbes that cause food spoilage

Sanitation

removing microbes from eating and drinking utensils, which involves washing the objects at high temperatures, or putting them in disinfectant baths

Aseptic

something free from pathogen contaminants

Microbial death

a microbe becomes permanently unable to reproduce under normal conditions

Halogens

are effective against vegetative bacterial cells, fungal cells, fungal spores, protozoan cysts, and some viruses

Chlorine

used to treat drinking water, swimming pools, and wastewater

Chloramines

used as skin antiseptics and in water supplies

Oxidising agents

oxidise the enzymes in microbes and prevent them from metabolising

Heavy metals

including zinc, silver, nickel, and copper all denature enzymes and inhibit proteins in microbes

Glutaraldehyde

is used to disinfect medical and dental equipment of bacteria, fungi, and viruses

Formaldehyde

is dissolved in water to make formalin, which is used to disinfect surgical equipment and other equipment, including dialysis machines