drugs crime and society exam 3

correlation of users and abstainers and crime?

people who use drugs are much more likely to commit a nondrug crime than nonusers

how is the connection between drugs and crime different by the drug?

heroin / crack cocaine stronger connection

LSD / Ecstasy lower correlation

correlation vs causation

correlation is measuring the strength of the relationship of the two like ice cream sales and crime in the summer, relationship due to summer

causation is saying that one changing causes the other to change

what are drug defined crimes?

laws prohibiting the possession, use, distribution or manufacture of illegal drugs

what are drug related crimes?

offenses in which a drug contributes to the commission of a crime

what is drug using lifestyle?

drug use and criminal behavior are part of a deviant way of life

what is the most common drug defined crime people are arrested for?

84% were for the possession of a controlled substance

what is Goldstein Tripartite Model?

that there are three types of violence; psychopharmacological, economically compulsive, and systemic

what is psychopharmacological in Goldstein’s model?

crime committed as a result of being under the influence of a drug or withdrawal symptoms (assaulting someone when drunk)

what is economically compulsive violence in Goldstein’s model?

crime committed as a need to obtain money to purchase drugs (robbing someone for money for drugs)

what is systemic violence in Goldstein’s model?

crime committed on the basis of participation in drug trafficking or selling (shooting a rival drug dealer)

how can Goldstein be applied to non violent crime?

psychopharmacological- driving under the influence

economically compulsive- embezzling money to support a drug habit

systemic- prostitution for drugs

which form makes the most sense for homicides?

systemic

what is a drug using lifestyle?

a general “deviant” lifestyle; lack of social control and presence of deviant peers

a person fails to participate in conventional activities like work school or healthy leisure

exposure risk factors like criminal associates and criminal thinking styles

what is the predisposition model on drug use and crime?

“criminal model”- those who become drug users were already law breakers and this was just a logical next step

what is the intensification model of drug use and crime?

criminal careers typically begin prior to drug use and declines substantially during times of drug abstinence

which model of drug use and crime best explains the drug crime nexus best (most empirical support)?

intensification model

what are the two sources of information on our knowledge on crime and drugs?

adolescent drug use and juvenile delinquency

adult drug use and criminal offenses

how are women different than men when related to drugs and crime?

less likely to commit violent crime

more likely to commit property or drug crime

pathways theory

for female offenders: trauma, substance abuse and criminal justice system all linked

correlations of drugs and violence depend on what 3 factors?

• drug involved

• drug user population

• environment involving drug use

what drug has the highest potential for aggressive and violent behavior?

alcohol

what are the most common drugs associated with violence?

• cocaine

• methamphetamine

  • cocaine and meth put user on “edge” and can create paranoia/irritability that may lead to violent behavior

• heroin

  • gives the individual a “nod” experience where they are in a passive state of mind and withdrawal can cause irritability leading to violence

• opioids

freelance model of drug trafficking

dealers and buyers transact with relative anonymity

most likely marijuana, LSD, MDMA

“cash only” business and price is negotiated at the time of buy

business model of drug trafficking

drug transactions are conducted within a hierarchically structured organization

hierarchy crew boss gets drugs from wholesaler and divides the drugs to street dealers or runners

may have 20 + runners working for him

after sales made runner is paid in drugs or money and gives the rest to his boss to send up the chain

lieutenant watches runners sales

what are the 3 categories of gangs related to drug related crime?

outlaw motorcycle gangs

street gangs

prison gangs

characteristics of outlaw motorcycle gangs

sell crank (meth) due to hiding place being the crank shaft in a motorcycle

hells angels, outlaws, pagans, and bandidos

characteristics of street gangs

ms-13, bloods, crips

characteristics of prison gangs

operate inside and outside prison walls

aryan brotherhood, black guerilla family, mexican mafia

what is the bank secrecy act of 1970?

requires all financial institutions to report deposits of more than $10,000

what is money laundering?

the process where illegal sources of income are disguised to appear legitimate

what is the origin of money laundering?

term came out in the 1920s but no laws until 1986

Al Capone- owned hundreds of neighborhood laundries

what are the stages of money laundering?

1. placement stage

   1. smurfing has smurfs deposit random amounts of less than $10,000 into accounts

      1. off shore

      2. legitimate

      3. vegas casino

2. layering- series of secondary transactions that move funds to obscure trail

3. integration stage- proceeds are reintroduced into the economy as legitimately earned money through business/charities or loans

hot-spot policing

intensive patrolling within a small drug-ridden area

community policing

community/police partnerships

• knock and talk/bike patrol

geographically focused approaches

includes multiple community entities

reverse sting

undercover officer poses as a dealer

controlled buy

undercover informant buys drugs under the supervision of the police

buy-bust

undercover officer buys drugs and the seller is arrested

buy-walk

undercover officer buys drugs, but no arrest of the dealer at the time

what is entrapment?

when police agents acting as undercovers induce the arrestee to commit a crime that was not contemplated beforehand

what did sorrells v united states 1932 establish?

police must clearly show that coercive or persuasive tactics were not used

knock and talk

agents arrive at suspect residence, knock on door, identify themselves and ask permission to enter the residence

crackdown

law enforcement abruptly escalates police activity and presence in a drug hotspot area (short term results)

weed and seed

law enforcement areas “weed” out drug, violent and gang activities in high crime areas and community organizations “seed” prevention, treatment, and human service programs

drug diversion programs

law enforcement targets low level drug offenders where warnings rather than arrests are issued

targets marijuana and alcohol users

law enforcement assisted diversion (LEADS)

police officers exercise discretionary authority at point of contact to diver individuals to a community-based, harm-reduction, intervention. Individuals are instead referred into a trauma-informed intensive case-management program where the individual receives a wide range of support services

what does RICO stand for

the racketeer influenced and corrupt organizations act

what is RICO

federal law that provides for extended criminal penalties and a civil cause of action for acts performed as part of an ongoing criminal organization

how is RICO used in drug enforcement?

allows leaders of a syndicate to be tried for the crime which they ordered to do or assisted them closing a perceived loophole

what are the 3 reasons that RICO is so powerful when used

provides extra penalties on the head of drug organizations and allows for more charges and trial for someone. allows for group prosecution and targets leaders who did the ordering

characteristics of the purdue pharma court case

pleaded guilty in federal court in 2020

admitted that from May 2007 to March 2017 it conspired to defraud the US by impeding lawful function the lawful function of the DEA. Provided opioid products to more than 100 health care providers whom the company had good reason to believe were diverting opioids

provided kickback to doctors to write scripts

criminal fine of 3.544 billion and 2 billion in criminal forfeiture

Sackler family has agreed to pay 225 million in damages

deterrence methods other than law enforcement : drug testing scenarios

workplace

athletics

social services / welfare

drug treatment programs

pregnancy / childbirth

arrested

home

3 different drug testing methods

oral fluid test

urine test

hair follicle test

oral fluid test

shorter window of detection, up to 24-72 hours for most drugs

doesn’t need to be sent to a lab and is conducted face to face

urine test

most common

up to 3 days to 2 months depending on the drug and frequency

humiliating expierence and easy ways to tamper with the sample

hair follicle test

drugs are detectable for 90 days

follows a very specific set of standards to increase accuracy

may produce high false positive

most expensive

what is sensitivity

determined by the likelihood of a specimen containing drug will test positive “true positive”

high degree of sensitivity will produce few false negatives

what is specificity

determined by the likelihood that a drug free specimen will test negative “true negative”

high depress of specificity will produce few false positives

false negative

test negative when drug is present

false positive

test positive when drug is not present

what are some examples of drugs that can cause false positives for illegal use of marijuana or opioid use

poppy seeds and cipro (antibiotic)- false positive for opioid use

ibuprofen - false positives for marijuana

1988 drug free workplace act

requires that all businesses receiving any federal grants

provide a drug free workplace

establish employee assistance programs

4 important facts before measuring the effectiveness of drug treatment programs

reducing drug use to zero is an unrealistic goal

there will be some variability in effectiveness from one program to another

one type of program may work better for a particular type of client than for another

drug treatment programs are not in the business of performing miracles

4 effective drug treatment that are prevalent in the U.S.

1. methadone maintenance

2. therapeutic community TC

3. outpatient drug free programs

4. self help peer groups such as alcoholics anonymous (AA) and narcotics anonymous (NA)

methadone maintenance

program of maintaining narcotics, mainly heroin, addicts on a narcotic drug (methadone) which reduces their craving for and makes difficult to be high on for long periods of time in theory

therapeutic community

a live in drug treatment program that seeks abstinence as its goal

self help peer groups

cost free, not for profit local autonomous, self supporting groups

2 different types of methadone treatments

metabolic or adaptive: administers high doses for long periods of time in theory reminder of life

the change or abstinence oriented: administers smaller doses for shorter periods of time and aims eventually to withdraw addicts from methadone altogether

4 proposals to reform the drug laws

1. harm reduction

2. prescription and maintenance models

3. decriminalization

4. legalization

partial decriminalization

a policy whereby the possession of a small quantity of a controlled drug does not result in arrest

what is harm reduction

argues we cannot wipe out drug abuse but to reduce the total volume of harm to the society, including death, disease, a decline in productivity, educational deficits, monetary costs, and so on

examples of harm reduction

needle exchange programs, drug maintenance programs, prescription treatments, expanding drug education

will drug use/abuse rise under legalization

rise

current federal budget: supply or demand reduction?

supply

source control

go where the drugs are coming from and reduce the supply

what are the three methods of source control

crop eradication

different chemical crackdown into what is coming into the U.S.

certification process

what theory belongs to agnew

general strain theory

what theory belongs to akers

social learning theory

what theory belongs to hirschi

social control theory

what are the four sources of strain for agnews general strain theory

failure to achieve positive goals

• economic

• status respect

• autonomy

disjunction of expectations

• fairness

• relative deprivation (racism)

actual anticipated removal of positively valued stimuli

• job loss

• loved one dying

actual anticipated presentation of negative stimuli

• child abuse

negative affective states

anger, fear, depression, frustration, other negative emotions

general strain theory: why doesn’t everyone become criminal?

coping skills, social support, social environment are an adaptation to strain

what are the 4 components of akers social learning theory

differential association theory

neutralization theory

differential reinforcement theory

imitation

what are definitions in social learning theory

definitions are attitudes

what are the 5 categories of neutralizations in social learning theory

denial of responsibility

• not in control (beyond me)

denial of injury

• not harmful or wrong

denial of victim

• rightful retaliation

appeal to higher loyalties

• other demands more important (god/country)

condemnation of condemners

• shift blame

how can reinforcement be social or non social / positive or negative social learning theory

social - friends

nonsocial- puking after drinking

probation

sentence to community supervision

parole

conditional release from prison prior to serving full sentence

the most common simple possession of a drug is____

marijuana

anti drug abuse act

penalties doubled for 1st offense trafficking of schedule 1-2 drug if death or bodily injury results from use of such substances

felony

criminal offense for which sentence carries a minimum 1 year incarceration + fine

misdemeanor

carries incarceration less than year + fine or fine alone

what is conspiracy?

example if defendant is simply doorman at crackhouse, hs is liable for all crack ever sold from that house

conspiracy amendment effects

within 6 years # of drug cases in federal prisons increased 300%from 1986 to 1998 up 450%

drug paraphernalia

products that are considered to be used to administer, prepare, package or store illicit drugs

mandatory minimum guidelines are based on what 3 characteristics

type + weight of drug

number of prior convictions

offenders serve entire sentence

mandatory minimums

judge imposes fixed minimum term in prison for certain crimes regardless of mitigating circumstances

support of mandatory mins

believed drugs were a devastating social impact

made judges jobs easier

aided prosecutors + police because low level offenders would testify against upper-level offenders

critiques of mandatory mins

filled prisons with low level offenders

not cost effective

offenders would make accusations against innocent to save themselves