hand made cards

Dysplasia

disordered growth can result from hyperplasia and metaplasia

Neoplasia

new growth due to mutations

Benign suffix

oma

Malignant suffix

often end in carcinoma or sarcoma

Benign neoplasm

no ability to invade surrounding cell

Malignant neoplasm

ability to invade surrounding tissue and metastasize to other locations

Hamartoma

Disorganized mass of tissue normally found at the location

Choristoma

Disorganized mass of tissue not normally found at the location

Carcinoma

Malignant neoplasm derived from epithelial cells

Sarcoma

Malignant neoplasm derived from mesenchymal cells (e.g., bone, cartilage, skeletal muscle)

Lymphoma/Leukemia

Malignant neoplasm derived from lymphocytes/hematopoietic cells

Melanoma

Malignant neoplasm derived from melanocytes

Teratoma

Neoplasm derived from germ cell layers; usually all three layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm)

Mixed tumor

Most often applies to germ cell tumors, with more than one component (e.g., choriocarcinoma mixed with embryonal carcinoma); also pleomorphic adenoma

Neoplasia Grade or differentiation

How similar to the cell type of origin the tumor is, subjective

Neoplasia STAGE

Based upon T (tumor characteristics), N (lymph node involvement), and M (metastatic) objective, stage I- IV

Features of anaplasia

such degree of hyperchromasia (increased intensity of chromatin staining), pleomorphism (variation in size and shape of cell and/or nucleus), abnormal mitotic figures that cells do not look at all like their cell of origin

Main forms of carcinoma

squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma

Burkitt's lymphoma

right lower quadrant and jaw- EBV

Dysplasia vs carcinoma in situ vs carcinoma

all Hyperchromasia, pleomorphism; increased mitotic rate; carcinoma in situ is full thickness of mucosa with no invasion of submucosa, carcinoma invades sub mucosa

CIN1

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Incidence

how many new people develop tumor in year

Prevalence

how many people with a tumor are present in population

High prevalence compared to incidence

less aggressive tumor, many people have it and aren't dead

Pathways of neoplastic spread

lymphatic or blood

Sarcoma spread by

blood

Carcinoma spread by

lymphatic

Key regulators of cell cycle

p16, cyclin D, CDK4, RB

Cyclin D and CDK4

promote cycle cycle division, g1 to s

P16 function

inhibits cycle cycle division, g1 to s

NOTCH1 gene

tumor suppressor gene in squamous cell carcinoma, promotes growth in T-cell leukemia

microRNA

negative regulator of genes (block translation)

Tumor suppressor genes

must lose both genes! normal function inhibit cell growth, abnormal- promotes cell division

Proto-oncogenes

just one will cause cancer, normal- promote cell growth and division

Growth factor receptors

ERBB1 (EGF receptor) ERBB2 (HER2—breast cancer)

Downstream signal-transducing proteins

RAS

Tumor suppressor genes

RB, CDKN2A, p53, TGF-beta, E-cadherin, beta-cadherin

Cancer related to RB

retinoblastoma

Cancer related to CDKN2A

melanoma

Cancer related to E-cadherin

NF2-meningioma

Cancer related to beta-cadherin

APC-colon carcinoma

P53 job

arrests cell cycle and activates apoptosis (bax)

Hereditary non-polyposis colon carcinoma

defect in DNA mismatch repair genes

Xeroderma pigmentosa

defect in nucleotide excision repair system that repairs damage from UV light

Ataxia-telangiectasia

mutation in gene that senses DNA damage

BRCA1/BRCA2

prone to chromosomal breaks

Retinoblastoma Gene and tumor

RB, retinoblastoma

Li-Fraumeni Gene and tumor

p53, many tumors

Melanoma Gene and tumor

CDKN2A, melanoma

Familial adenomatous polyposis Gene and tumor

APC, colon carcinoma

Neurofibromatosis I and II Gene and tumor

NF1 and NF2, plexiform neurofribroma/ meningioma

Multiple endocrine neoplasia Gene and tumor

MEN1 and RET

Hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer genes

MSH2, MLH1, MSH6

Nevoid basal cell carcinoma Gene and tumor

PTCH1 and basal cell carcinoma

Associated cancer with inflammatory bowel disease

colon cancer

Associated cancer with lichen sclerosis

vulvar squamous cell carcinoma

Associated cancer with Hashimoto's thyroiditis

MALT lymphoma

Associated cancer with chronic cystitis

squamous cell carcinoma of bladder, caused by schistosomiasis

Beta-naphthylamine neoplasm

bladder cancer Aflatoxin B1 exposure and neoplasm

Vinyl chloride neoplasm

angiosarcoma of liver

Radiation (UV light, radiographs, radionuclides) neoplasm

Leukemia, thyroid, breast, colon; papillary thyroid carcinoma; skin cancer

HPV neoplasm

Cervical and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Epstein-Barr virus neoplasm

burkitt lymphoma

Hepatitis B and C neoplasm

hepatocellular carcinoma

Helicobacter pylori

monoclonal b-cell tumor (MALToma)

Asbestos neoplasm

mesothelioma

Benzene neoplasm

acute myeloid leukemia

Radon neoplasm

lung carcinoma

Cachexia

marked weight loss associated with neoplasm Paraneoplastic syndromes

SIAHD paraneoplastic mechanism and tumor

Anti-diuretic hormone Small cell carcinoma of lung

Hypercalcemia paraneoplastic mechanism and tumor

Parathyroid hormone related peptide Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung (Others

Polycythemia paraneoplastic mechanism and tumor

Erythropoietin Renal cell carcinoma; cerebellar hemangioblastoma; hepatocellular carcinoma

Myasthenia paraneoplastic mechanism and tumor

Immunologic Bronchogenic carcinoma; thymoma

Acanthosis nigricans paraneoplastic mechanism and tumor

Immunologic Gastric carcinoma (others

Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy paraneoplastic mechanism and tumor

Unknown Bronchogenic carcinoma

Trousseau syndrome (migratory venous thrombosis) paraneoplastic mechanism and tumor

Mucin production Pancreatic carcinoma

Clonality

neoplasm derived from a single cell, clones of original tumor cell

Two-hit hypothesis

Examplkes of growth signals

growth factors, growth factor receptors, cyclin dependent kinases

Insensitivity to growth inhibitopry signals

shut down tumor suppressor genes/affect contact inhibition

Examples of growth inhibitory signals

RB, p53 (tumor supressors), NF2/APC (contact inhibition)

Self sufficiency growth factor signals Growth factor receptor examples

ERBB1 (egf receptor) ERBB2 (her2 breast cancer)

RB

tumor suppressor gene in retinoblastoma

CDKN2A

tumor suppressor gene in melanoma

P53

tumor suppressor gene in most cancers

E-cadherin

tumor suppressor gene NF-2 meningioma

B-cadherin (WNT pathway)

tumor suppressor gene in APC-colon carcinoma