RICE PSYCHOLOGY 101 - TEST 4

Psychological disorders

disorders reflecting abnormalities of the mind

Carl Rogers

Unconditional Positive regard, what we all need to reach positive self is to be supported without judgement

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

predict how people will do at work, get along with others, succeed as leaders, low reliability but still used often

self-report

a method in which a person provides subjective info about their own thoughts, feelings, or behaviors, typically via questionnaire or interview

Extraversion

outer world of people and things (act first, think later)

Introversion

inner world of ideas and impressions (think first, act later)

Sensing

(common sense) present and concrete info gained from their senses

Intuition

(lives in future) focus on the future, with a view toward patterns and possibilities

Thinking

(facts) base their decisions on logic and objective analysis of cause and effect

Feeling

base decisions primarily on values and on subjective evaluation of personcentered concerns

Judgement

(plan in advance) like a planned and organized approach to life and prefer to have things settled

Perception

(multi task) prefer flexible and spontaneous approach to life and things settled

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

a well-researched clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems (567 questions-can tell if you are faking good or bad)

Projective techniques

a standard series of ambiguous stimuli designed to elicit unique responses that reveal inner aspects of an individuals' personality (psychodynamic)

Rorschach Inkblot Test

a projective technique in which respondents' inner thoughts and feelings are believed to be revealed by analysis of their responsesto a set of unstructured inkblots

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A projective technique in which respondents' underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world are believed to be revealed through analysis of the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people

Trait

a relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way

The Big Five

traits of the five-factor model

Extraversion

excitability, sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness, and high amounts of emotional expressiveness

Agreeableness

trust, altruism, kindness, affection, prosocial behaviors

Conscientiousness

high levels of thoughfulness, with good impulse control and goal-directed behaviors

Neuroticism

sadness, moodiness, emotional instability

Openness to Experience

imagination and insight, high in this trait also tend to have a broad range of interests

Individualist Cultures

self is regarded as autonomous, individual goals and wishes are prized above duty and relations with others

Collectivist Cultures

self is regarded as embedded in relationships, harmony with one's group is prived above individual goals and wishes

Humanistic Psychologists

emphasize a positive, optimistic view of human nature that highlights people's inherent goodness and their potential for personal growth and resilience

Abraham Maslow

hierarchy of needs, highest is self actualization

Existentialist Psychologists

emphasize the individual as a responsible agent who is free to create and live his or her life while negotiating the issue of meaning and the reality of death

Existential approach

regards personality as governed by an individual's ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death

Medical Model

the conceptualization of psychological abnormalities as diseases that, like biological diseases, have symptoms, causes, and possible cures

Intervention-causation fallacy

we think we need to know the cause of something to treat it effectively

Mental disorder

a persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behavior, thoughts, or emotions that causes significant distress or impairment

DSM-V

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (a classification system describing diagnostic criteria, symptoms, ways to distinguish one disorder from another

Comorbidity

the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a signle individual

WHODAS

World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale (self administered disability measure to find severity)

biopsychosocial perspective

explains mental disorders as the result of interactions among biological, psychological and social factors

diathesis-stress model

suggests that a person may be predisposed for a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

a disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symtoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance

Research Domain Criteria Project (RDoC)

a new initiative that aims to guide the classification and understanding of mental disorders by revealing the basic processes that give rise to them

Panic Disorder

a disorder characterized by a sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of start terror

Agoraphobia

fear of public places

Panic Attack

discrete period of panic in which greater than 4 symptoms develop abruptly and reach peak by 10 minutes

Phobic disorders

disorders characterized by marked, persisten, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations

Specific Phobia

irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual's ability to function

Preparedness Theory

the idea that people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears

Social Phobia

irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

a disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with and individual's functioning

Obsessions

recurrent, persistent, unwanted thoughts or images

Compulsions

repetitive, rituatlized, stereotyped behaviors that person feels must be carried out to aviod disaster

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

a disorder characterized by chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind

Depressive disorders

characterized by extreme and persistent periods of depressed mood

Major depressions

a disorder characterized by a severely depressed mood and/or inability to experience pleasure that lasts 2 or more weeks and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbance

Dysthymia

the same cognitive and bodily problems as in depression, but they are less sever and last longer - persisting for at least 2 years

Double depression

periodic major depression and dysthymia

Postpartum depression

after giving birth; biological, social and responsibility changes, lack of sleep or support

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern

Helplessness Theory

the idea that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal (i.e. their own fault), stable (i.e. unlikely to change), and global (i.e widespread)

Bipolar disorder

an unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania), and low mood (depression)

Manic episode

abnormally high state of exhilaration, feeling powerful, full of plans based on delusional ideas, impulsive high risk behavior

Dissociative disorder

a condition in which normal cognitive processes are severely disjointed and fragmented creating significan disruptions in memory, awareness, or personality that can vary in length from a matter of minutes to many years

Dissociative identity disorder

the presence within an individual of two or more distinct identities that, at different times, take control of the individual's behavior. Inability to recall important personal info too extensive to be ordinary forgetfulness

Schizophrenia

"personality loses it unity", a disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior (main characteristics: Paranoid, catatonic, disorganized, undifferentiated, residual)

Positive symptoms to SZ

additions to normal behavior

Negative symptoms to SZ

loss of normal traits/behaviors

Delusions

false belief system and thoughts, often bizarre and grandiose, maintained despite irrationality

Hallucinations

false sensory experience that feels real

disorganized, incoherent speech

ideas shift rapidly and incoherently from one to antoher unrelated topics

grossly disorganized behavior

behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineefective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances

Dopamine Theory (SZ)

excess of dpamine in the brain

Genetic Predisposition (SZ)

1% lifetime risk in general population, 50% identical twins, 40% two Sz parents, 12% one Sz parent

Brain Structure differences

Enlarged ventricles, ↑ brain tissue loss over time

Diathesis-stress model

Disturbed Home Environment Example:

Sz bio mom + disturbed adoptive home to high risk of Sz

Sz bio mom + healthy adoptive home to moderate risk

No Sz bio mom + disturbed adoptive home to low risk

Prenatal Environment

Malnutrition, viral infection, birth complications : ↑ risk

Personality disorder

disorder characterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning

Paranoid Personality Disorder (Odd/eccentric)

a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness such that others' motives are interpreted as malevolent. Delusions of being persecuted

Schizoid PD (odd/eccentric)

pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression (loner, prefers to be alone)

Schizotypal PD (odd/eccentric)

Pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behavior. Talk to self or not respond in communication. Might be mild for of SZ

Suicide

intentional self-inflicted death

Antisocial PD (dramatic/erratic)

pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, present in childhood. Impulsive, less sensitive to fear

Narcissistic PD (dramatic/erratic)

a pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy. Preoccupied with fantasies of their own importance, power, and brilliance. Demand special treatment

Borderline PD (dramatic/erratic)

pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, affects; marked impulsivity.

Histrionic PD (dramatic/erratic)

pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking.

Avoidant PD (Anxious/inhibited)

pattern of social inhibitation, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation. Wants social contact but fears criticism and rejection so avoid social situations

Dependent PD (anxious/inhibited)

pattern of submissive and clinging behavior related to an excessive need to be taken care of

Obsessive-Compulsive PD (anxious/inhibited)

pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control

Psychotherapy

an interaction between a therapist and someone suffering from a psychological problem, with the goal of providing support or relief from the problem

eclectic psychotherapy

a form of psychotherapy that involves drawing on techniques from different forms of therapy, depending on the client and the problem

Psychodynamic psychotherapies

therapies that explore childhood events and encourage individuals to use this understanding to develop insight into their psychological problems

Free association

you just talk, remembering something you have been depressing

dream analysis

dream somthing innapropriate and fear something bad would happen

interpretation

therapist looks for things in patient

Analysis of resistance

a reluctance to cooperate with treatment for fear of confronting unpleasant unconscious material (if you resist-therapist is on the right track)

Transference

an event that occurs in psychoanalysis when the analyst begins to assume a major significance in the client's life and the client reacts to the analyst based on unconscious childhood fantansies

Countertransference

therapist own feelings intefere with client (dream of what life must have been like for this kid)

Behavior Therapy

assumes that disordered behavior is learned - symptom relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviors into more constructive behaviors

Behavioral self-monitoring

monitor all tantrums

-what happened before and after

Token economy

a form of behavior therapy in which clients are given "tokens" for desired behaviors which they can later trade for rewards

Skills training

doing something to increase positive behavior (anger management, parenting skills, problem solving skills)

Exposure therapy

an approach to treatment that involves confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decreases in the emotional response

systematic desensitization

relax, then imagine an increasingly stressful activity, real life activity though is more effective