Extent to which a strong stable monarchy was created post restoration

Stability: presence of conflict? Internal tensions? Longevity? Popularity? On all counts monarchy created post restoration can be considered ot be unstable

Constitutional issues – crown and parl - here most important = fear of absolutism

• 1660-65 = Restoration + Restoration Settlement

+ April 1660 - Convention Parl accepts Declaration of Breda and the Unconditional return of the King

+  25 May CII asserts divine right

+ 1661 CII x2 size of Privy Council to 120

• 1665-81 = CII rule*

+ 1670 CII signs Treaty of Dover for £350,000 (bypassing parl for finances)

+ 1672 overrides Parl through the 2nd Declaration of Indulgence - suspends Penal Laws (laws that punished Prot non-conformists/Caths for not attend CoE services)

+ 1673 re-called Parl forces CII to accept Test Act = major changes in gov, Danby = Treasurer = Anglican influence replacing the Cabal, Tory policies

+ 1673 on Danby's use of patronage

+ 1681 CII closes parl for good after Exclusion Crisis = no point of contact with people

• 1681-88 = CII + JII rule*

+ 1681-85 CII personal rule - focussed heavily on reforming borough charters to further control, breaks 1664 Triennial Act (2685 CiI dies)

JII trying to bypass rule of law

+ 1685 JII refuses to disband army raised to defeat Monmouth - fear of military dictatorship

+ 1687 JII renewed attack on borough charters - aimed to pack new parl full of members voting to appeal the Test and Corporation Acts (25% JPs 1688 were Catholic alongside dissenters)

+ 1688 letter to William of Orange (signed by 7 leading officials representing all corners of scociety) -> successful November invasion, escape of JII and Glo Rev

Finances

• 1660-65 = Restoration + Restoration Settlement

+ 1660 Conventicle Parl - CII expenditure of £1.2m/yr vs own rev of £800,000/yr

+ 1662 Hearth Tax (introduced by Parl) had failed - only delivered 1/3 o promised £250,000

+ CII forced to ask for short term grants - 1664 expenditure met (Parl's authority affirmed, MPs appeased)

• 1665-81 = CII rule*

+ 1665 CII enters 2nd Anglo-Dutch war - ordinary revenue down less than £650,000/yr 1666-68, patl provides tot of £300,000 vs prev £5m

+ 1670 CII signs Treaty of Dover - commits Eng to further war with Dutch, £375,000 Fr subsidy (bypassing parl for finances), secret agreement for CII to announce own conversion to Cath

+. 1668-69 Parl provides tot of only £300,000

+ 1672-74 3rd Anglo-Duch war -> 1672 CI forced to 'Stop the Exchequer' and recalls Parl

+ 1670s growth - commercial trade growing, Danby successfully works w Parl for money

+ 1660s £880,000/yr vs 1670s £1.3m/yr

• 1681-88 = CII + JII rule*

+ no parl = no grants until 1685, 1684 reached £1.4m/yr

+ 1685 Parl financial settlement - extends Crown rights to customs duties for life

+ English commerce is booming

Religious policy/tensions* - here most important = fear of Catholicism - 1660-81

• 1660-65 = Restoration + Restoration Settlement

+ 1661-65 The Clarendon Code - eg Corp Act, Act of Uniformity, Five Mile Act -Cavalier Parl and High Church Commission ensure very narrow Church

+ 1662 Quaker Act - quakers receive severe penalties, asked to take Oath of Allegiance (which beliefs did not allow for), many imprisoned

+ CII restored James VI use of bishops in Scotland

• 1665-81 = CII rule* - enshrined by Charles, not the common people's wishes

+ 1665 CII enters 2nd Anglo-Dutch War supporting Catholic LXIV - angered many, LXIV considered now a longer-term enemy than Dutch

+ 1665 Great Plague - rumours this was the work of Catholic advisors to CII

+ 1672 CII issues 2nd Declaration of Indulgence - suspends Conventicle Act and other persecuting laws = Catholics can meet in private (King's broader catholic allegiance of concern)

+ 1673 Test Act - excluded non-Anglicans from office, seen as direct attack on their position, resignation of JII confirmed him as Catholic (fear of future of monarchy)

+ 1673 JII (future monarch) remarries to permitted Catholic, Mary of Modena

+ 1678 Oates tells Sir Edmund Godfret of Jesuit plot to murder CII and replace with Catholic brother JII - broadsheets pick up story + paranoia, fear of another London fire being started by Catholics

+ 1679-81 Exclusion crisis - attempt to pass bills to remove JII as heir

+ 1681 CII closes parl for good after 3 attempts to pass bill excluding JII from throne = no point of contact, Catholic allegiances root cause of this

Religious policy/tensions* - here most important = fear of Catholicism - 1681-88

• 1681-88 = CII + JII rule*

+ 1685 JII allows Catholics to join army - v unpopular

+ Godden vs Hales - JII used to announce judicial declaration that as King could dispense from the Test and Corporation Acts

+ 1685 Talbot purged Irish army of protestants - 40% officers and 67% rank now Catholics

+ 1686 New Court of Ecclesial Commission - forbade Bishops from preaching anti-Catholic sermons

+ 1688 25% JPs were Catholic alongside dissenters

+ 1688 birth of JII's son (no possibility for protestant daughters to take throne) - triggers letter to William of Orange

+ 1688 letter to William of Orange (signed by 7 leading officials representing all corners of scociety) -> successful November invasion, escape of JII and Glo Rev

Foreign Affairs

• 1660-65 = Restoration + Restoration Settlement

+ 1660 CII King = Scot liberated from Cromwellian union to Eng, vs Ire Cromwellian land settlement keeps land taken

+ 1661 Scot Act of Rescissory - revoked all legislation since 1633

+ 1662 Ire Anti-Catholic Act of Settlement - 850,000 acres passed back from Prot to Caths, Caths have 22% Ire land

+ re Ire post 1660 - english policy of apathy

• 1665-81 = CII rule*

+ 1665 CII enters 2nd Anglo-Dutch War supporting Catholic LXIV - angered many, LXIV considered now a longer-term enemy than Dutch, justified by Dutch commercial rivalry

+ 1672 3rd Anglo-Dutch War - result of  Treaty of Dover, v unpopular

+ 1677 marriage to Mary (daughter of James Duke of York) to William of Orange (Dutch) - shift to favour Dutch, not French

• 1681-88 = CII + JII rule*

+ 1685 Talbot purged Irish army of protestants - 40% officers and 67% rank now Catholics

+ 1687 Scottish Dec of Indulgence - protects Cath right to worship and access office

+ 1688 letter to William of Orange (signed by 7 leading officials representing all corners of society) -> successful November invasion, escape of JII and Glo Rev

Dissenters

• 1660-65 = Restoration + Restoration Settlement - laws passed with support of Parl

+ 1661 Savoy Meeting - failed, Cavalier Parl and High Church Commission controlled Clarendon Code establishing v narrow Church

+ Nov 1661 Corporation Act - huge affect on voting ability as changed who could sit on borough corps + unis (ensuring Anglican elite), seen as direct attack on Puritans

+ 1664 Conventicle Act - banned non-conformist meetings of 5+ people

+ 1665 Five Mile Act - est of new clergy with Bishops and Church courts, anger Puritans

• 1665-81 = CII rule*

+ 1670 2nd Conventicle Act - speaks to how dissenters were surviving and organizing (Clar Code had failed as antipathy/want for revenge decreasing, had support of Latitudinarians and some members of elite eg John Tillostn AbofCant)

+ 1672 CII introduced 2nd Dec of Indil to establish religious toleration - had to retract it in1673

+ 1673 - Danby tries to adopt Tory religious policy - fails to reinvigorate persecution (despite 1876 censes King believes 5% dissenters stat was inaccurate, actually many more who couldn't be repressed)

• 1681-88 = CII + JII rule*

+ 1682 Rye House Plot - Whigs and Dissenters attacked (persecution much more organised than 20 years prior)