Human Phys Exam 1

Which of the following is/are NOT completely true regarding resting membrane potential?

• Two of these answers

• The sodium potassium pumps contribute to the resting membrane potential because they pump more potassium into the cell than the amount of sodium they pump out

• A common value in neurons would be around -70mV

• The resting membrane potential is closer to the potassium equilibrium potential than to the sodium equilibrium potential

• At rest, the membrane is more permeable to potassium and thus positive charges are leaking out, making the inside of the membrane seem relatively more negative

The sodium potassium pumps contribute to the resting membrane potential because they pump more potassium into the cell than the amount of sodium they pump out

Which of the following are NOT true about fat metabolism in our cells?

• The breakdown of fatty acids to make energy takes place in the mitochondria; unlike glycolysis, which takes place in the cytoplasm

• All of these ARE true

• The process by which we break down fatty acids to make energy is called beta oxidation

• Two of these

• Fatty acids are broken down to make pyruvate, which can then enter the citric acid cycle

• Fatty acids are broken down to make pyruvate, which can then enter the citric acid cycle

Which of the following enzymes is matched with the wrong metabolic pathway/process?

• Complex IV: electron transport chain

• two of these answers

• hexokinase: citric acid cycle

• isocitrate dehydrogenase: citric acid cycle

• citrate synthase: citric acid cycle

• ATP synthase: oxidative phosphorylation

• phosphofructokinase: glycolysis

• hexokinase: citric acid cycle

Which of the following is/are related to the activity of the electron transport chain?

• it is how we make NADH and FADH2

• Three of these answers

• it is how we break down fatty acids to AcCoA

• it is how we break down glucose to pyruvate and make ATP

• the energy from transferring electrons from one carrier to the next is used to drive the pumping of  hydrogen ions from the matrix of the mitochondria to the intermembrane space

• the energy from transferring electrons from one carrier to the next is used to drive the pumping of  hydrogen ions from the matrix of the mitochondria to the intermembrane space

The following are parts of the cerebral cortex involved in movement. Which is matched with the wrong description?

• none of these are mismatched

• Premotor cortex - coordination of complex movements

• Somatosensory cortex - proprioreception (awareness of body position)

• Primary motor cortex - decision to move, planning voluntary activity

• Supplementary motor cortex - programming of complex movements

• Primary motor cortex - decision to move, planning voluntary activity

Hearing, speaking and language functions are especially associated with the ___ lobe of the cerebral cortex.

• temporal

• frontal

• parietal

• cerebellum

• occipital

temporal

PFK catalyzes the rate limiting step of which of the following processes?

• None of the above

• Glycogenesis

• Glycogenolysis

• Glycolysis

• Gluconeogenesis

• Glycolysis

Which part of the cerebellum is involved in maintaining muscle tone and coordinating skilled movements?

• supplementary motor area

• none of these

• cerebrocerebellum

• spinocerebellum

• vestibulocerebellum

• spinocerebellum

Which of the following would NOT tend to increase the conduction velocity of an axon?

• a decrease in length of the axon

• all of these answers would increase conduction velocity

• an increase in diameter

• an increase in temperature

• an increase in myelin

• a decrease in length of the axon

The autonomic nervous system is an important regulator of many homeostatic functions in the body. The responses of our organs and tissues to autonomic stimulation are determined by the specific neurotransmitter released and the specific neurotransmitter receptors that are found in those locations. Which of the following is/are NOT true about autonomic nervous system neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter receptors.

• alpha-adrenergic receptors have lower affinity for epinephrine than norepinephrine

• muscarinic receptors bind with acetylcholine from parasympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers

• Beta-2-adrenergic receptors have greater affinity for epinephrine than norepinephrine

• all of these ARE true

• Beta-1-adrenergic receptors have equal affinity for epinephrine and norepinephrine

• alpha-adrenergic receptors have lower affinity for epinephrine than norepinephrine

G

no term

F

End of the absolute refractory period

#2

repolarization

J

K+ Equilibrium potential

H

Threshold

#4

Na+ influx

Which part of the cerebellum is involved in initiating and planning voluntary activity?

vestibulocerebellum

cerebrocerebellum

supplementary motor area

spinocerebellum

none of these

cerebrocerebellum

In skeletal muscle, when an action potential spreads down the T tubles it activates ____________________, which serve as _____________; this plays an important role in the release of calcium.

• Ryanodine receptors, voltage sensors

• IP3, Calcium release signal

• Dihyrdopyridine receptors, voltage sensors

• Dihyrdopyridine receptors, calcium channels

• SERCAs, Calcium pumps

• Dihyrdopyridine receptors, voltage sensors

What type of communication do we call it when a cell secretes an extracellular messenger that acts on itself (the same cell that secreted the chemical messenger)?

• gap junctions

• autocrine

• endocrine

• temporaroy cell-cell linkup

• paracrine

• neural

• autocrine

In skeletal muscle, which of the following is/are true about calcium serving as a signal for contraction.

• Most of the calcium comes from the extracellular fluid

• IP3 causes calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

• Ryanodine receptors release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

• SERCAs release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

• Dihyrdopyridine receptors release calcium

• Ryanodine receptors release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following is/are NOT properties of the parasympathetic nervous system?

• norepinephrine  is released by its postganglionic nerve fibers

• long pre-ganglionic nerve fibers

• acetylcholine is released by its postganglionic nerve fibers

• it acts on target tissues via muscarinic cholinergic receptors

• short post -ganglionic nerve fibers

• short pre-ganglionic nerve fibers

• it acts on target tissues via adrenergic receptors

• acetylcholine is released by its preganglionic nerve fibers

• leaves CNS via cervical and sacral spinal segments

• leaves CNS via lumbar and thoracic spinal segments

• long post-ganglionic nerve fibers

• it acts on target tissues via nicotinic cholinergic receptors

• norepinephrine  is released by its postganglionic nerve fibers

• short pre-ganglionic nerve fibers

• leaves CNS via lumbar and thoracic spinal segments

• long post-ganglionic nerve fibers

• it acts on target tissues via nicotinic cholinergic receptors

Which of the following would likely increase the rate of net diffusion the most?

• An increase in distance

• A decrease in concentration gradient

• An increase in surface area

• A decrease in lipid solubility

• a higher molecular weight

• An increase in surface area

Which of the following would help us to determine if a perceived sensation was stronger or weaker (e.g. stronger taste/weaker tase, dim light/bright light, soft sound/loud sound)?

• frequency coding

• spatial summation

• law of specific nerve energies

• population coding

• law of projection

• temporal summation

• law of adequate stimulus

• frequency coding

• population coding

During the hyperpolarization phase of an action potential, whitch of the following is/are  NOT true?

• potassium ion channels are  open

• All of the above ARE true

• a second action potential can occur, but only if there is an extra strong  simulus

• potassium ions are leaving the cell

• the membrane potential is becoming more negative

• All of the above ARE true

Which of the following is/are true about sodium (Na+) and nerve cells?

• all of these answers are true

• Na+ is found in higher concentrations outside the cell

• at rest, the membrane is more permeable to sodium than potassium

• if sodium ion channels open, we would expect Na+ to enter the cell

• only two of these answers are true

• only two of these answers are true

Several diseases, drugs, toxins and venoms influence neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction, for example, ________________ binds with nicotinic receptors and thus prevents acetylcholine binding

• botulinum toxin

• organophosphates

• Myasthenia Gravis

• Curare

• Black Widow Spider Venom

• Curare

The central dogma of biology illustrates how our genes encode for proteins.Which words would make this phrase correct: DNA →__________→mRNA →__________→protein.

Which processes by which DNA results in mRNA and mRNA results in protein are

• translation, transcription

• transcription, translation

• mitosis, meiosis

• two of these are correct

• initiation, elongation

• transcription, translation

Which of the following is caused by the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)?

• an increase in heart rate

• all of these ARE caused by the PNS

• a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and secretion

• dilation of airways

• breakdown of stored triglycerides in adipose cells

• increase in sweating

• breakdown of glycogen in muscle and liver

• three of these answers

• constriction of pupils in the eyes

• constriction of pupils in the eyes

In order to make a protein, DNA must first be  _______________ into mRNA.

transcribed