Hildebrant, Human Geography for the AP® Course 1e - Module 58

Fordism

The economic and social arrangement based on the mass production of standardized goods, high labor union membership rates, stable and full-time manufacturing employment, and high factory wages that enable mass consumption

corporate disinvestment

A process in which companies stop investing in factory construction, equipment, and improvement and begin selling off assets, such as machinery, buildings, and land

offshoring

The relocation of manufacturing and support services from one country to another

outsourcing

The transfer of part of a firm's internal operations to a third party

deindustrialization

The decline, and sometimes complete disappearance, of employment in the manufacturing sector in the core's industrial centers

special economic zone (SEZ)

Specific area within a country's borders where business and trade laws are different from those in the rest of the country

export processing zone (EPZ)

Industrial zone with special incentives to attract foreign investment to places where imported materials undergo processing or assembly before being re-exported

free-trade zone (FTZ)

Specially designated duty-free area that provides warehousing, storage, and distribution facilities for goods intended for trade or re-export

new international division of labor

The spatial shift of manufacturing from developed countries to developing countries, including the global scaling of labor markets and industrial sites

post-Fordism

The shifts from manufacturing centers to spatially dispersed production sites, from standardized mass production to specialized batch production, and from a permanent workforce to temporary and contract workers

just-in-time manufacturing (JIT)

The production of small batches of goods as needed by customer demand

high-technology industry

An industry that develops and uses the most advanced technologies available and has the highest levels of research and development

agglomeration economies

Occur where firms cluster spatially in order to take advantage of geographic concentrations of skilled labor and industry suppliers, specialized infrastructure, and ease of face-to-face contact with industry participants

multiplier effects

The creation of new business and jobs in other industries as the result of investment in a different industry

growth pole

Geographically pinpointed center of economic activity organized around a designated industry, commonly in the high-tech sector