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Age structure diagrams

Represent the population's age distribution, showing the percentage of the population in different age groups.

Demographic transition stages

Describe the changes in birth and death rates over time in a society's development. Cultural factors influence these transitions.

Population metrics

Calculate population growth rate, Crude Birth Rate (CBR), Crude Death Rate (CDR), and doubling time to understand population dynamics.

K-strategists vs r-strategists

K-strategists are species with low reproductive rates and high parental care, while r-strategists have high reproductive rates and little parental care.

Survivorship curves

Graphical representations showing the proportion of individuals surviving at different ages/stages in a population.

Soil horizons and texture

Soil horizons are layers of soil, while soil texture refers to the proportions of sand, silt, and clay in soil, often depicted using a soil texture triangle.

Clearcutting impacts

Describes the consequences of removing all trees in an area, such as habitat loss, soil erosion, and disruption of ecosystems.

Watersheds and urbanization

Watersheds are areas draining into a river or lake. Urbanization affects water cycles by increasing runoff and reducing groundwater recharge.

Sustainability

Refers to meeting present needs without compromising future generations. Practices like renewable energy and waste reduction promote sustainability.

Wastewater treatment steps

Include physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove pollutants from wastewater before releasing it back into the environment.

Biocontrol

The use of natural enemies to control pests. Benefits include reduced chemical use, but risks include unintended ecological impacts.

Photochemical smog

Forms from pollutants reacting with sunlight. Hazards include respiratory issues. Thermal inversions worsen smog by trapping pollutants.

CO2 sources

Natural sources include respiration, while anthropogenic sources include burning fossil fuels. Both contribute to climate change.

Indoor air pollutants

Include volatile organic compounds from cleaning products and formaldehyde from furniture, impacting indoor air quality.

Point vs non-point source pollution

Point sources release pollutants from specific locations (e.g., factories), while non-point sources are diffuse (e.g., runoff).

Oxygen sag curve

Shows oxygen levels in a water body over distance. Sections include clean water, decomposition, and recovery zones.

Persistent organic pollutants

Toxic chemicals that resist degradation. Examples include DDT. Bioaccumulation occurs within an organism, while biomagnification happens up the food chain.

LD50/LC50

LD50 is the lethal dose for 50% of a population, while LC50 is the lethal concentration. These values indicate toxicity levels for organisms.

Eutrophication

Excessive nutrients in water bodies leading to algal blooms, oxygen depletion, and ecosystem degradation.

Ozone depletion

Caused by CFCs and other chemicals, leading to increased UV radiation. Prevention involves phasing out ozone-depleting substances.

Sea level rise causes

Include thermal expansion and melting ice caps. Impacts include coastal flooding and habitat loss.

Ocean acidification

Results from increased CO2 absorption, affecting marine life like corals by reducing calcium carbonate availability.

Biodiversity threats

Include habitat loss, pollution, climate change. Habitat fragmentation disrupts ecosystems and reduces genetic diversity.

Habitat fragmentation

Division of habitats into smaller, isolated patches, impacting biodiversity by reducing species' ability to migrate and interact.