BIO FINAL EXAM

fossils are found in…

sedimentary rock

adaptations

inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific enviornments

speciation

occurs when one species splits into two or more species

according to the punctuated equilibria model….

most new species accumulate their unique features relatively rapidly as they come into existence, then change little

sympatric speciation

a population forms a new species within the same geographical region

the first terrestrial organisms probably were considered to be…

burrowers

multicellular

eukaryotes

the evolution of mammals from early tetrapods

is an example of macroevolution

which event stimulated the rapid development of eukaryotes?

addition of oxygen to the atomosphere

which group of tetrapods had the first examples of specialized teeth?

therapsids

which effect of continental drift would allow scientists to track the history of life on the planet…..

change in the distribution of extinct animals

hox genes are a group of related genes

that control the body plan of an embryo

a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene effects function of that gene…..

in cells that express that gene

which of the following sets represents the most likely sequence of events in the origin of life?

synthesis of organic monomers

synthesis of organic polymers

formation of protocells

formation of DNA

which of the following did all protocells have in common

a surrounding membrane or membrane like structure

fossilized stromatolites

resemble structure formed by bacterial communities that are found today in some shallow marine bays

which listing of geological periods in the correct order from oldest to most recent

cambrian

devonian

permian

cretaceous

the evolutionary effects of genetic drift are greatest when….

the population is small

what features might we expect the mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells to contain if these organelles were the result

plasma membrane

DNA

ribosomes

which of the following organelles likely originated from endosymbiosis?

chloroplasts and mitochondria

how many mass extinction events have been documented in the fossil records over the past 500 million years?

five

when did the mass extinction that eliminated most dinosaurs occur?

66 million years ago?

which of the following would be least likely to appear in the fossil records?

a desert dwelling species

if one organ is an exaptation of another organ, then which of the following statements is most accurate?

the two organs are homologous

if individuals tend to mate within a subset of the population, there is….

no random mating

frequency of homozygous recessives

q²

frequency of heterozygotes

2pq

frequency of homozygous dominants

p²

frequency of dominant allele

p

frequency of recessive allele

q

plasmodium, the parasitic organism that causes malaria is a….?

apicomplexan

which algal group has chloroplasts much like those of green plans in structure and pigment makeup?

chlorophytes

which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria have in common?

lack a nuclear envelope and presence of circular chromosome

Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the offspring fail to develop and hatch, what is the mechanism for keeping the two seperate?

the postzygotic barrier reduced hybrid viability

in vascular plants water is transported via …. and sugars via… over long distances

xylem, phloem

hornworts phyla

phylum bryophyta

mosses phyla

phylum anthocerophyta

in which of the following structure of a plant are apical meristems found?

in both roots and shoots

which of these structures produce spores in mosses?

sporophyte of a moss

photoautotroph group

cyanobacteria

chemoheterotroph

clostridium

photoheterotroph

rhodobacter

which of the following describes a difference between the structures of spores and seeds?

spores are unicellular while seeds are not

which of the following biological molecules contributes to the structural integrity of plant spores?

sporopollenin

which of these observations gives the most support to the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells?

the existence of structural and molecular similarity between the plasma membranes of prokaryotes and the internal membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts

what advantage do organisms that reproduce sexually have over organisms that reproduce asexually?

their offspring may be more adaptable to changes in the environment

the cells of …. and … have modified mitochondria

diplomonads and parabasalids

which of these groups consist of parasitic flagellated cells such as trypanosoma, the organism that causes sleeping sickness?

kinetoplastids

by definition, a clade is ….

monophyletic

giardia is a diplomonad parasite that causes …. in mammals

intestinal infections

in addition to naming species, linnaeus also grouped species into a hierarchy of increasingly inclusive categories. the largest category that would include closely related organisms is…

domain

which of the following are the best examples of homologous structures?

bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelimb

according to the principle of maximum parsimony

the preferred tree is the one that minimizes the amount of evolutionary change

two plant species live in the same biome but on different continents. although the two species are not at all closely related, they may appear quite similar as a result of ….

convergent evolution

analogous features share…. function but not… ancestry.

similar, common

Jams, jellies, preserves honey and other foods with high sugar content hardly ever become contaminated by bacteria. why?

they undergo death as a result of water loss from the cell

in which part of a bacterium is the complete chromosome found?

nucleoid

a process that cant produce genetic variation in bacterial populations is

meiosis

which of the following involves metabolic cooperation among prokaryotic cells?

biofilms

where can you commonly find lichens?

surfaces of rocks, rotting logs, trees, roofs

Animals are multicellular eukaryotes

True

which of the following is a characteristic of nervous system signals?

travel quickly through the body

which characteristic is most likely for an epithelium that is specialized for passive diffusion of materials from one fluid filled

a single layer of flattened cells

blood is best classified as connective tissue because….?

its cells are scattered in extracellular matrix

if you gently twist your ear it does not remain distorted because it contains….?

connective tissue

animals can lose but not gain heat through the process of…?

evaporation

certain nutrients are considered essential in the diets of animals because…?

they are required for an animal’s nutrition but the animal is not able to synthesize them on its own

in the digestive system, peristalsis is…?

smooth muscle contraction that move food along the esophagus

pepsin is a digestive enzyme that…

begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach

cattle are able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material because….?

they have cellulose digesting mutualistic microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs

the mammalian trachea and esophagus both connect to the…?

the pharynx

if you were to jog 1 km a few hours after lunch, which stored fuel would your body probably tap into?

muscle and liver glycogen

after surgical removal of the gallbladder, a person might need to limit their dietary intake of…?

fat

who has their stomachs adapted to have the chambers rumen, reticulum, abomasum, and omasum?

ruminants

which of the following molecules provides the greatest energy storage for animals?

fats

the folded structural features of the digestive system that improve the efficiency of exchange of energy and materials are called as…?

villi

which of the following organs contribute to the functions of both the digestive and endocrine systems?

pancreas

the contractions of the smooth muscle tissue in the digestive system for the movement of the food from the esophagus….

peristalsis

how does the kidneys work?

they continuously filter blood to remove waste and excess water, producing urine to maintain a healthy balance of water, salts, and minerals

nephron function

responsible for filtering blood to produce urine, regulating blood pressure, maintaining fluid/electrolyte balance, and controlling pH

glomerulus function

a network of capillaries within the nephron that acts as the primary filtration unit of the kidney, producing glomerular filtrate from blood plasma

the first step in urine production and blood purification

loop of Henle function

a U-shaped nephron segment in the kidney that creates a highly concentrated medulla, enabling water reabsorption and urine concentration

Birds + Reptiles nitrogenous waste

produce uric acid paste to maximize water conservation and protect embryos

Mammals nitrogenous waste

excrete urea needing moderate water

Aquatic animals nitrogenous waste

excrete toxic ammonia requiring high water

closed circulatory system

a network where blood is entirely contained within vessels—arteries, veins, and capillaries—never bathing organs directly.

ammonia

• it is very toxic

• animals that excrete nitrogenous wastes such as ammonia needs access to lots of water

Urea

• most terrestrial animals excrete urea, which is less toxic than ammonia

• it is low in toxicity and high solubility in water

what is the path of a red blood cell through the human heart (PULMONARY CIRCUIT)

• right atrium

• right ventricle

• through the pulmonary artery

• to the lungs

• returns to left atrium

what is the path of a red blood cell through the human heart (SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT)

• leaves the left ventricle

• travels through systemic arteriies and capillaries

• returns as deoxygnated blood via systeic veins

• enters right atrium

uric acid

• is non toxic and does not dissolve readily in water

• Uric acid is even more energetically expensive to produce than urea

within a normally functioning kidney, blood can be found in…?

the vasa recta

urea is…?

a waste product of humans

which pairs excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid?

insects and birds

urea is made…

in the liver by combining two ammonia molecules with one carbon dioxide

the filtrate in the renal pelvis enters directly from…?

the collection duct

whats the reason behind the filtration of blood in bowmans capsule?

its mainly due to the blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus

which process in the nephron is least selective?

filtration

urea is produced in the…?

liver from NH3 and CO2

in animals, nitrogen is excreted as a waste due to catabolism of ____ in our body.

protein and nucleic acids

the typical osmolarity of human blood is ….?

300 mosm/L