semester one exam- endocrine system, disease, reproduction

endocrine system, disease, reproduction

what is the endocrine system?

a collection of glands that secrete hormones that achieve homeostasis

def of hormones, target cells, glands

hormones- a chemical messenger that travel through the blood cells to target cells

target cells- a cell that has a receptor to match a specific hormone

glands- an organ that secretes subsances

6 types of glands and where they r in the body

1. pituitary gland (inside brain)

2. thyroid gland (inside throat)

3. adrenal glands (on top of kidneys)

4. pancreas (behind the stomach)

5. ovaries (inside female pelvis)

6. testes (inside male scrotum)

what each 6 glands do

1. pituitary- keeps hormone levels in check (master gland)

2. thyroid- controls metabolism rate

3. adrenal- adrenaline in times of stress

4. pancreas- regulates blood sugar levels (insulin)

5. ovaries- produce oestrogen and progesterone (female sex hormone)

6. testes- produce testosterone (male sex hormone)

diffenrence between endocrine system and exocrine system

internal (ovary)

external (sweat, saliva)

what happens in a fight or flight situation and why? (responce from adrenaline)

1. hyperventalating bc lungs think it needs more oxygen

2. blood pumps faster to muscles to prepare muscels to fight

3. sweat to avoid over heating bc blood causes heat

4. brain scans memories to see if this has ever happened before and the outcome

5. pupils dilate to take in more light for better vision.

how to fight/prevent disease (4)

bacteria- antibiotics

virus- vaccine

fungi- topical cream

parasite- manual removal, cream, medication

imunocompromised

ppl who arent at their healthiest (cancer, pregnant, etc)

3 lines of defence and if its general or specific

1. skin, ear wax, tears, mucus (G)

2. white blood cells, blood clotting, inflamation, fever (G)

3. B cells, antibodies, T cells (S)

what do each of the lines of defence do?

1. skin- thick layer to protect body and waterproof. earwax- catches pathogen. tears- washes pathogens out. mucus- chemical barrier that catch patogens

2. white blood cells- fight pathogens. blood clotting- stops more pathogens from entering wound. inflamation- increase number of white blood cells. fever- some pathogens cant survive the heat

3. B cells- creates antibodies to match the same antigen on the pathogen. Antibodies- clumps pathogens together. T cells- attacks

phagocytosis

process of digesting pathogens by white blood cells.

3 types of asexual reproduction, what they each r and an example

1. fragmentation- an organism become 2 after it being cut off (worm, starfish)

2. binary fission- copies DNA and splits (bacteria)

3. vegetative propagation- one parent plant produces many off springs (strawberries)

4 types of sexual reproduction and explain what they each r

1. fertilisation- one one sperm cell unites with an egg cell to form a zygote.

2. identical twins- within the first 12 days of fertilisation, the zygote splits in 2

3. fraternal twins- two separate egg cells are fertilized by two different sperm cells

4. hermaphrodite- have both female and male organs but still reproduce with a partner. has the potential of reproducing asexually

pathogenesis

natural form of sexual reproduction, an off spring is created without fertilisation (happens in captivity)

5 types of fertilisation, explain and example (3- explain and example)

1. external- almost happens in water (frogs)

2. internal- involves one partner inserting their gametes into another (humans)

3. male hold the off spring (seahorses)

4. r-strategists- organisms that live in unstable environments and produce many offspring to ensure some survive (mice)

5. K-strategists- organisms that live in a stable environment and produce fewer offspring, providing more care (whales)

5 parts of female sex organ and their function

1. ovaries- matures eggs for fertilisation and when its released the process is called ovulation. releases progesterone and oestrogen

2. fallopian tube- allows egg to travel from ovaries to uterus. it travels for 2-3 days

3. uterus- uterine lining sheds, where the egg is fertilised, stretches as baby grows

4. cervix- narrow end of the uterus and connects the uterus to vagina, widen when giving birth

5. vagina- delivers menstrual blood outside body, intercourse, childbirth

4 stages of menstrual cycle, explain and how many days each

1. menstrual phase- (day 1-5) endometrium sheds

2. follicular phase- (day 1-13) the egg starts the maturing and once bleeding stops, endometrium starts building up again

3. ovulation (day 14) egg is released

4. luteal (day 15-28) the egg stays in uterus if it hasn’t been fertilised and period starts again

label

1. what is the placenta?

2. what is the function of the umbilical cord?

3. what comes out when the baby delivered?

4. what does it mean when the ‘waters break’?

1. an organ the develops in the uterus once pregnant

2. provides O2 and nutrition

3. the placenta

4. the amniotic fluid

giving birth: 3 stages

1. baby’s head pushes against cervix which forces it to expand

2. cervix dilates to 10cm

3. the baby comes out with the umbilical attached and the placenta is delivered afterward.