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Freedmen
The men and women who had been enslaved
Reconstruction
The rebuilding of the South after the Civil War
Amnesty
A government pardon
Freedmen’s Bureau
A government agency founded during Reconstruction to help former slaves
Thirteenth Amendment
An 1865 amendment to the United States Constitution that banned slavery throughout the nation
Black Codes
The Southern laws that severely limited the rights of African Americans after the Civil War
Radical Republicans
A member of Congress during Reconstruction who wanted to break the power of wealthy southern plantation owners and ensure that freedmen received the right to vote
Fourteenth Amendment
An 1868 amendment to the United States Constitution that guarantees equal protection of the laws
Reconstruction Act
an 1867 law that threw out the Southern state governments that refused to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment
Fifteenth Amendment
An 1869 amendment to the United States Constitution that forbids any state to deny African Americans the right to vote because of race
Scalawag
A white southerner who supported the Republicans during Reconstruction
Carpetbagger
An uncomplimentary nickname for a northerner who went to the South after the Civil War
Ku Klux Klan
A secret society organized in the South after the Civil War to reassert white supremacy by means of violence
Sharecropper
A person who rents a plot of land from another person and farms it in exchange for a share of a crop
Poll tax
A tax required before a person can vote
Literacy test
An examination to see if a person can read and write; used in the past to restrict voting rights
Grandfather clause
In the post-Reconstruction South, a law that excused a voter from a literacy test if his grandfather had been eligible to vote on January 1, 1867
Jim Crow laws
Laws that separated people of different races in public places in the South
Compromise of 1877
an agreement by Republican presidential candidate Rutherford B. Hayes to end Reconstruction in return for congressional Democrats accepting his inauguration as President after the disputed election of 1876
Segregation
the legal separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences