psych exam 3

Circadian Rhythm

bodily rhythm that occurs over 24 hour period. biological clock

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

part of the hypothalamus, regulates the circadian rhythm, responds to morning light and triggers the pineal gland to decrease melatonin production

pineal gland

producing melatonin in response to dark and inhibited from light

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

electrodes that measure electrical activity in the cortex during sleep.

Length of general sleep cycle

90 minutes, we go through distinct stages

NREM-3

deep/slow wave sleep, the most restorative stage of non-REM sleep. Characterized by slow delta brain waves and we spend more time in NREM-3 during the first 3 hours of sleep

NREM-2

deeper sleep characterized by slower heart and lower temp. Supposed to support memory consolidation and prepare body for restorative deep sleep. Longer episodes as sleep goes on.

NREM-1

first stage of nrem sleep, transitions from wakefulness to sleep. You are easily awakened. Light sleep

REM sleep

random eye movement, brain is active, dreaming, you are about to wake up. Characterized by physiological arousal

How our sleep cycles change throughout the night

N-REM 2 and REM episodes increase as our sleep progresses. NREM-3 is big during the first 3 hours.

Insomnia Disorder

persistent difficulties with sleep (quantity and quality) associated with one or more. Must occur for 3 nights per week for 3 months

• Difficulty falling asleep (longer than 30)

• difficulty maintain sleep

• Can’t fall back asleep when awaken

Hypersomnolence disorder

fall asleep quickly and have good efficiency, but characterized by excessive nighttime sleep (10-12 hours), excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep is non-restorative.

Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake disorder (Delayed Sleep phase)

inability to fall asleep or wake at a desired time

sleep onset disorder symptoms, excessive sleepiness

develop maladaptive behaviors that increase arousal and impair sleep

NON-REM sleep Arousal Disorders

symptoms occur during NREM sleep common in childhood and decreases with age.

Sleep Terrors (non-rem disorder)

Abrupt terror arousals while still sleeping, fear rapid heartbeat and breathing. When they awake they don’t remember why

Sleepwalking

Individual is relatively unresponsive and can be awakened with great difficulty. They also can’t remember.

Narcolepsy

Individuals fall asleep and quickly go to REM sleep. Causes excessive daytime sleepiness and need for sleep. Sleep episodes that mimic REM. People have deficiency of orexin

• cataplexy (muscular weakness)

• sleep paralysis

• hypnogogic hallucinations

Why sleep is important

Growth and maintenance

ex: immune cell reproduction/response, repairs the brain, reduces DNA damage.

Memory encoding and consolidation.

ex: strengthen neural connections, enhance ability to encode new experiences, consolidate memories, and better recall

how sleep related to our memories

leads to better recall and performance

Sigmund Freud opinion on dreams

Dreams are symbols of hidden meaning that require deeper interpretation to uncover their true meaning.

Dreams and general content

Everyone dreams but are forgotten. Dreams during NREM are extensions of sleep thinking, Dreams during REM sleep are bizarre and vivid. 80% of dreams include negative thoughts/emotion.

Neural system components of our emotions

Limbic, Cortical (ACC, Insula, Prefrontal Cortex, Autonomic Nervous System, and Endocrine System)

Limbic system of our emotion

Coordinate our emotions and encode memories

Cortical Areas (acc, insula, prefrontal cortex) of our emotion

guide behavioral response to emotions

Autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

Physiological response to emotional stimuli

Six universally recognized emotions

happy, sad, surprise, fear, anger, disgust

Who said emotions are evolved adaptations

Charles Darwin

How emotions are evolutionary adaptive

increase survival and reproductive success and also protects us from threats like pathogens and toxins.

Three phases of Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome

Phase 1 (alarm reaction) Phase 2(resistance) Phase 3(exhaust)

Phase 1 of Seyle’s general adaptation syndrome

Alarm reaction stage, body detects stressor and activates fight or flight response

Phase 2 of Seyle’s general adaptation syndrome

(resistance stage) Body shifts from SNS activation to HPA axis, body produces cortisol

Phase 3 of Seyle’s general adaptation syndrome

Stress persists too long and immune function drops, causing us to be immunocompromised

Problem Focused Coping

attempting to directly change stressor or change the way we interact with it (the action)

Emotion focused coping

Attempting to relieve or regulate the emotional impact of a situation

(seeking reassurance, make u feel better)

Pathway 1 Acute Stress Response

The sympathetic nervous system activates (fight or flight), producing epinephrine

Pathway 2 Chronic Stress Response

The hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) is activated, and cortisol is produced.

Chronic Stress on immune system and Health

During stress the energy we use is moved away from the immune system and it makes us more vulnerable. People with high stress scores were most vulnerable.

Type A individuals

More competitive and hardworking, can also be impatient and prone to hostility. The level of hostility imposed a big risk towards health.

Chronic Stress and Social Status

The lower you are in social status the more stressed you are

Dutcher Hunger Winter babies

prenatal exposure to severe famine in the womb, permanently altered health outcomes in the children who were born. It increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Those exposed also showed higher cortisol levels and stress reactivity.

Maslow Hierarchy of needs

Maslow Hierarchy of Needs

We are motivated by a hierarchy of needs. We must have the lower levels met before we can fulfill our happinesss potential

Maslow Hierarchy of Needs

self actualization

status, esteem

belonging social activity

safety, security, comfort, sex

basic needs

Carl Roger’s perspective on conditions for positive growth

Genuine and Empathy - open with feelings/transparent

Unconditional Positive regard - acceptance

Internal locus of control - control our own fate

Internal Locus of Control

Perception that we can control our own fate.

External Locus of Control

outcomes are beyond personal control

Learned Helplessness

lack of control makes us lose hope and gain helpless behavior.

Long term happiness set point

baseline level of happiness that people tend to return to over time

Does money buy happiness

there is a set baseline on how much money you need to make to be happy. Anything beyond that has no difference

Relative Deprivation

perception of being disadvantaged compared to others

Hedonic Treadmill

return to a stable level of happiness despite positive or negative life changes.

Meditation

relieves stress and establishes a clear connection with the body

Which of the following is true

there is a moderate positive correlation between emotional well-being and income levels

mindfulness

state of being open to the attention of the present.

Genie Case Study

feral child discovered from child abuse. Extreme isolation during the critical period of language acquisition. Wasn’t able to form full sentences even after rehabilitation

Learning Multiple Language

The older the age of immigration, the poorer mastery of a second language. Adults who learn a second language at 1-3 years have greater activation in the left. Those in learn later sow both left and right activation.

Newborn’s language development

They are able to distinct sounds greater than older people, it makes them able to learn languages better.

Major milestones of language development

Prevocal learning

babbling

vocal turn taking

first words

Prevocal learning

2-4 months old, babies can distinguish all phonemes they will use later for language

Babbling

4-6 months old, meaningless experimental sounds preceding language

Vocal turn taking

7-8 months Basic understanding of pragmatics of communication

First words

1 yr old, simple words are associated with objects or people

Naming Explosion

18-24 months, mostly babies learn to speak nouns

telegraphci speech

18-24 months, two word sentences ommiting all but essential words (noun+verb)

Pre school period

2-5 years old. Longer phrases sentences. Uses grammatical morphemes

Infant directed speech

communications with infants

Approval, Prohibiting, Comfort, Attention melodies

teaches infants language

Language Knowledge Semantic Networks

Words have strong associative relations. Associated words can act as anchors that help retrieve memory

Brocas area

Language production in the left hemisphere

Wernicke’s Area

Language comprehension in the left hemisphere

FOXP2 and language

KE family had abnormal variants of the FOXP2 gene and it showed that they had reduced grey matter in Broca’s area and Functional abnormalities.

Aphasia

speaking disorder

Charles Spearman argument for “g-factor”

Charles argued that people who score high on one test tend to score high on others. There is a positive correlation between performance

Wernicke’s Aphasia

Impaired language comprehension due to damage of Wernicke

difficulty understanding spoken language

Broca’s Aphasia

Impairment in language production due to damage to Broca’s

General intelligence (g-factor)

positive correlation when you score high on one test, you tend to score high on others too.

Crystalized intelligence

knowledge you acquire through experience and the way you use that knowledge

Fluid intelligence

Reflects the ability to process information in new circumstances (reasoning/problem solving)

Crystalized intelligence and Fluid intelligence change over time

Your fluid intelligence tends to go down while your crystal intelligence goes up

L L Thurstone’s theory of intelligence

There are multiple types of intelligence, there are seven

Three Stratum Theory of Intelligence

Fluid, crystallized, memory, visual perception, auditory perception, retrieval, cognitive speediness, processing speed

IQ distribution

95% fall within 30 points of 100

68% of people score within 15 points of 100

WAIS

Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale is widely used in standardized IQ tests

Index scores

Verbal Comprehension Index

Perceptual Reasoning Index

Working Memory Index

Processing Speed Index

Verbal Comprehension Index

Vocabulary and similarities and general information

Perceptual Reasoning Index

recreate block design, matric reasoning (fill in missing piece), visual puzzles

Working Memory Index

Short term memory test, digit span, and mental math

Processing Speed Index

how quickly someone can process simple visual info

symbol search

Evidence that supports IQ

Test scores at age 11 predict intelligence scores at age 80

What does intelligence predict

positively correlated with health, academic success, jobs, and income

Twin studies on IQ

identical twins have close IQs, fraternal twins have lower correlation

Theory of multiple intelligences

Created by Howard Gardner and he argue that the definition of intelligence is to narrow so he says that intelligence has broad categories

Freud’s perspective on personality

personality is driven by unconscious processes

Psychoanalysis

Theory of discovering one’s unconscious

ID

unconscious energy and mind

Ego

mediates between the id and superego, it is the conscious

Superego

internalized beliefs and preconceptions

defense mechanisms

unconscious process employed to avoid anxiety arousing thoughts and feelings. Like coping

Big Five Traits

Openness

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

Openness (high and low)

Low: uncreative, not curious, conforming

High: imaginative, creative, curious

Conscientiousness (high and low)

Low: disorganized, careless, lazy, late

High, Organized, careful, punctual

Extraversion (high and low)

Low: passive, reserved

High: sociable, active, affectionate