human anatomy exam 2 final review

Bone Functions

Support protection movement mineral storage blood cell production fat storage

Bone Types Long femur humerus Short carpals tarsals Flat skull ribs sternum Irregular vertebrae Sesamoid patella

Diaphysis

shaft of long bone

Epiphysis

end of long bone

Metaphysis

growth region between diaphysis and epiphysis

Epiphyseal plate

growth plate in children

Epiphyseal line

closed growth plate in adults

Periosteum

outer bone covering with blood supply and attachment

Endosteum

inner bone lining

Medullary cavity

marrow space

Osteogenic cells

stem cells that form bone cells

Osteoblasts

bone building cells

Osteocytes

mature bone maintenance cells

Osteoclasts

bone resorbing cells

Osteon

structural unit of compact bone

Central canal

contains blood vessels and nerves

Lacunae

spaces holding osteocytes

Canaliculi

channels connecting lacunae

Volkmann canals

connect osteons

Intramembranous ossification

bone forms directly flat skull bones

Endochondral ossification

bone replaces cartilage most bones

Length growth

occurs at epiphyseal plate

Thickness growth

occurs at periosteum

Bone remodeling

resorption and deposition balance

Osteoporosis

excessive bone resorption weakening bone

Fracture repair

hematoma soft callus bony callus remodeling

Synarthrosis

immovable joint

Amphiarthrosis

slightly movable joint

Diarthrosis

freely movable joint

Fibrous joints

sutures syndesmoses interosseous membranes

Cartilaginous joints

synchondrosis hyaline symphysis fibrocartilage

Synovial joints

freely movable joints with fluid cavity

Synovial fluid

reduces friction in joints

Articular cartilage

smooth joint surface

Synovial membrane

produces synovial fluid

Bursae

fluid sacs reducing friction

Labrum

deepens joint socket

Hinge joint

elbow knee movement flexion extension

Pivot joint

neck rotation

Ball and socket

hip shoulder multiaxial movement

Flexion

decrease joint angle

Extension

increase joint angle

Abduction

movement away from midline

Adduction

movement toward midline

Supination

palm up

Pronation

palm down

Osteoarthritis

wear and tear joint degeneration

Rheumatoid arthritis

autoimmune joint inflammation

Gout

uric acid crystal inflammation

Bursitis

inflamed bursae

Skeletal muscle

voluntary striated multinucleated

Cardiac muscle

involuntary striated intercalated discs

Smooth muscle

non striated involuntary

Excitability

response to stimulus

Contractility

ability to shorten

Extensibility

ability to stretch

Elasticity

return to shape

Z disc

sarcomere boundary

A band

thick filaments region

I band

thin filaments region

H zone

thick filament only region

Sarcomere

functional contraction unit

Sliding filament theory

actin and myosin slide

Isotonic contraction

muscle changes length

Concentric contraction

muscle shortens

Eccentric contraction

muscle lengthens

Isometric contraction

tension without movement

Slow oxidative fibers

endurance fatigue resistant

Fast glycolytic fibers

powerful fatigue quickly

Fast oxidative fibers

mixed endurance and powe