TEAS Science

Aorta

Largest artery in the body. The ____ begins at the top of the left ventricle, the heart’s muscular pumping chamber. The heart pumps blood from the left ventricle into the _____ through the aortic valve.

Inferior Vena Cava

The ____ ____ ____ is ultimately responsible for the transport of almost all venous blood (deoxygenated) from the abdomen and lower extremities back to the right side of the heart for oxygenation.

Left Atrium

One of the four chambers of the heart. The _____ atrium receives blood full of oxygen from the lungs and then empties the blood into the left ventricle.

Left Ventricle

One of the four chambers of the heart. The ____ ventricle pumps blood full of oxygen out to the body.

Mitral Valve

The ______ valve is one of four valves in the heart that keep blood flowing in the right direction. Each valve has flaps (leaflets) that open and close once during each heartbeat. If a valve doesn’t open or close properly, blood flow through the heart to the body can be reduced.

Pulmonary Artery

The _____ arteries carry blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs.

Pulmonary System

The _____ circulation is a closed circuit. It is the movement of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.

Pulmonary Valve

The _____ valve is one of two valves that allow blood to leave the heart via the arteries. It is a one-way valve, meaning that blood cannot flow back into the heart through it. It is located in the right ventricle of the heart. The _____ valve opens into the pulmonary artery.

Right Atrium

one of the four chambers of the heart. The ___ atrium receives blood low in oxygen from the body and then empties the blood into the right ventricle.

Right Ventricle

The ___ ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs through the pulmonary valve. The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle through the mitral valve.

Superior Vena Cava

The ___ ___ ___ carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest.

Systemic System

The ____ circulation moves blood from the heart to the rest of the body (besides the lungs) and back to the heart.

Tricuspid Valve

The ___ ____ sits between the heart’s two right chambers. Consists of three thin flaps of tissue (called cusps, or leaflets). These valve flaps open to let blood flow from the upper right chamber (right atrium) to the lower right chamber (right ventricle).

mediastinum

contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, vessels, nerves and membranes surrounding the heart

atria

Two of these chambers receive blood

ventricles

The other two chambers are larger for pumping blood outside of the heart

Capillaries

These tiny blood vessels have thin walls. Oxygen and nutrients from the blood can move through the walls and get into organs and tissues. The _____ also take waste products away from your tissues. ____ are where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged for carbon dioxide and waste.

tunica media

smooth muscle layer that is thicker in arteries than in veins. This helps with regulating blood pressure and the flow of blood.

tunica externa

Artery and vein outer layer

tunic media

Artery and vein middle layer

tunic interna

Artery or vein inner layer

Veins

have special structures called valves not found in arteries

Diastole

Relaxation of the heart chambers.

Systole

Contraction of the heart chambers.

auscultation

The heart sounds are produced by changes in blood flow during different parts of the cardiac cycle

lubb

The first sound or S1 is produced by turbulent flow of blood resulting from closure of the atrioventricular valves (bicuspid, tricuspid) in ventricular systole.

dub

The S2 sound results from closure of the semilunar valves (pulmonary, aortic) during ventricular diastole.

Node

Special area of cardiac muscle that generates action potentials.

sinoatrial (SA) node

conduction begins with an area of special cells called pacemaker cells in the posterior wall of the right atrium

Purkinjie fibers

are fast conducting cells and allow for even empting of the ventricles

P wave

is the first wave seen in an ECG and represents atrial depolarization. Atrial depolarization occurs just before atrial contraction

QRS complex

represents ventricular depolarization. Atrial repolarization is also occurring during this time but is overshadowed by the powerful ventricular signal.

T wave

follows the QRS complex and results from ventricular repolarization.

Stroke Volume

Amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle resulting from one contraction

Cardiac Output

Amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in 1 minute. It is a measure of ventricular efficiency

Aneurism

An abnormal bulge or ballooning in the wall of a blood vessel.

Hypertension

(or high blood pressure) Chronically elevated blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or above.

• can cause further disease such as a heart attack, kidney failure, stroke or aneurism which is a ballooning of a blood vessel from a weaken wall.

Stroke

The result of an inadequate or interrupted blood supply to the brain. Since brain cells can die in minutes, stroke is a medical emergency.

• blocked artery (ischemic stroke); common

• leaking or bursting of a blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke)

• transient ischemic attack (TIA), a temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain

Arteriosclerosis

defined as the more generalized loss of compliance, “hardening of the arteries,”

atherosclerosis

the build-up of plaque in the walls of the vessel and is a specific type of arteriosclerosis.

Arrhythmia

Abnormal heart rhythm, either too fast (tachycardia), too slow (bradycardia), too early (ectopic) or irregular, are diagnosed with ECGs.

myocardial infarction

a deadly medical emergency where your heart muscle begins to die because it isn’t getting enough blood flow. AKA Heart Attack

erythrocytosis or erythemia

An increase in the red blood cell count

• caused by lung disease, poisoning, and dehydration. A temporary increase in red blood cell count occurs when people living at sea level visit high-altitude environments

Anemia

A decrease in the red blood cell count

• caused by a number of factors such as vitamin B12 deficiency, blood loss, and iron deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B12 from either a dietary problem or stomach lining problem a type of anemia called pernicious anemia to develop. The cells in pernicious anemia are usually larger (macrocytic). This is because the larger hemocytoblast has not differentiated fully into a smaller erythrocyt

Blood (5L))

considered a connective tissue. Its primary constituents include specialized cells such as red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), cell fragments known as platelets, and a straw colored liquid called plasma.

Plasma

contains a variety of substances, including water, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and waste products.

hemocytoblast

can differentiate into any of the mature blood cells by responding to factors called colony-stimulating factors. All blood cells come from here.

Oxyhemoglobin

formed when oxygen combines with hemoglobin

Deoxyhemoglobin

formed when oxygen is released from hemoglobin

Carbaminohemoglobin

formed when carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin. A small amount of carbon dioxide is transported this way.

hematopoiesis

The process of blood cell formation

erythropoiesis

The process of red blood cell formation.

• immature red blood cells called erythroblasts differentiate from hemocytoblasts in the presence of the hormone erythropoietin.  Erythropoietin is secreted by the kidneys and liver in response to low oxygen concentration in the blood. Erythroblasts still contain a nucleus and mitochondria and produce hemoglobin. When they mature into erythrocytes, they shed the nucleus and mitochondria.

Granulocytes

significantly larger than red blood cells. There are three main types of granulocytes. These are the neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils.

Neutrophils

contain a segmented nucleus. They are the majority of leukocytes. Their function is primarily phagocytosis of bacteria and viruses. They are the first cells to arrive at an infection.

Basophils

large granules and a bilobed nucleus. The granules contain substances that promote inflammation such as histamine which causes vasodilation and heparin which is an anticoagulant.

Eosinophils

small granules and a bilobed nucleus. Moderate allergic reactions and defend against parasites.

Agranulocytes

do not contain granules in their cytoplasm. Monocytes and Lymphocytes

Monocytes

have a kidney-shaped nucleus and their function is to clean up debris and ingest bacteria via phagocytosis.

Lymphocytes

there are 2 major types, which include T and B lymphocytes. Their primary function is to provide immune support.

Platelets

fragments of cells that help stop bleeding. ____ can stick together and form plugs as well as promote vasoconstriction to help stop bleeding in blood vessels.

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

An adverse reaction that occurs when Rh antibodies attack fetal blood.

Antibody

Structure in the blood plasma that attaches to specific antigens. 

Antigen

Structure on the surface of red blood cells that designates the blood type.

Type A

antigen A on the surface of the red blood cells.

• compatible with itself and type O

Type B

antigen B on the surface of the red blood cell

• compatible with itself and type O

type AB

contains both antigens A and B

• compatible with all of the blood types

Type O

contains neither A/B antigens

• only compatible with itself.

Rh

positive blood is compatible with either Rh positive or Rh negative blood. However, Rh negative blood is only compatible with Rh negative.

Aggregation

Smaller structures combining to form larger structures.

Fibrin

Insoluble plasma protein threads that weave together to form a clot.

Fibrinogen

Soluble plasma protein that can convert to fibrin.

Hemostasis

Processes in the blood to help stop bleeding

• Platelets form a clot, platelet aggregation

• Intinsic, extrinsic, and common pathways.

intrinsic pathway

activated when blood contact damages blood vessels’ walls or is not moving, as in stasis.

extrinsic pathway

triggered when blood leaves a damaged blood vessel, such as in our example. This activates a clotting factor in the tissue surrounding the vessel, which then activates a series of clotting factors in the blood that also lead to the common pathway and the formation of a clot.

common pathway

where the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge. This happens at factor 10 and ends with the formation of a fibrin clot.