Fish Physiology Final (Hormones/Brain Regions/Nerves)

Endocrine System general function

Regulation of body functions to maintain homeostasis

Nervous System general function

Regulation of body functions to maintain homeostasis

Endocrine system reaction time

Slow

Nervous system reaction time

Fast

Endocrine system duration of effects

Long

Nervous system duration of effects

Short

Endocrine target tissues

Virtually all body cells/tissues

Nervous target tissues

Muscles and glandular tissues

Endocrine chemical messenger

Hormone

Nervous chemical messenger

Neurotransmitter

Endocrine messenger producing cells

Endocrine gland cells/modified neurons

Nervous messenger producing cells

Neurons

Endocrine distance from chemical message

Long (via bloodstream) production to target

Nervous distance from chemical message

Short (across synaptic space)

Melanin concentrating hormone

Produced in the hypothalamus, functions in color change and appetite control

Arginine vasotocin

Produced in the neurohypophysis of the pituitary gland, functions in osmoregulation and spawning

Prolactin

Produced in the adenohypophysis, functions in osmoregulation

Adrenocorticotrophic hormones

Produced in the adenohypophysis, controls interrenal cells

Growth hormone

Produced in the adenohypophysis, stimulates body growth

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Controls the thyroid

Melanophore stimulating hormone

Produced in the adenohypophysis, functions in the dispersion of melanophores

Gonadotropins

Produced in the adenohypophysis, functions in gonadal maturity and secondary sexual characteristics

Melatonin

Produced in the pineal organ, functions as a circadian and neuroendocrine signal

Catecholamines

Produced in the chromaffin cells in the head kidney, includes adrenaline/epinephrine and noradrenaline/norepinephrine and functions in oxygen uptake and bronchial blood flow

Glucocorticoids - cortisol

Produced in the interrenal cells in the head kidney, functions in energy metabolism, and ion regulation

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

Produced in the thyroid, controls growth, reproduction, and metabolism (responsible for metamorphosis in flatfish)

11-ketotestoterone

Produced in the leading cells in the male ovary, functions in spermatogenesis, reproductive behavior, and secondary sexual characteristics

Theca - progestogens

Produced in the female ovarian follicle, maturation inducing steroids

Granulosa - Estradiol 17 B

Found in the female ovarian follicle, functions in vitellogenesis

Insulin (B cells)

Produced in pancreatic islets, functions in glucose uptake and glycogen storage

Urotensin

Produced in the urophysis, functions in osmoregulation

Glucagon (a cells)

Produced in pancreatic islets, decreases tissue glycogen and increases blood glucose

Somatostatin (o cells)

Produced in pancreatic islets, functions in the inhibition of insulin and glucagon release

Hypocalcin & Teleocalcin

Produced in Stannius corpuscles, regulated calcium

Calcitonin

Produced in juxtaglomerular cells, functions in osmoregulation by controlling water uptake

Renin - angiotensin

Produced in juxtaglomerular cells, functions in osmoregulation by controlling water uptake

Gastrin

Produced in the stomach, stimulates acid (HCl) secretion

Ghrelin

Produced in the stomach, functions in energy homeostasis and controls appetite

Secretin

Produced in the intestine, functions in the release of pancreatic/gastric enzymes

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Produced in the intestine, controls the release of bile

Telencephalon structures

Olfactory lobe and telencephalic lobe

Telencephalon functions

Olfaction, color vision, memory, and reproductive/feeding behavior

Diencephalon structures

Pineal organ, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and saccus vasculosus

Diencephalon functions

Gestation, olfaction, lateral line impulses, and detection of water pressure

Mesencephalon structures

Optic lobes

Mesencephalon functions

Vision

Metencephalon structures

Cerebellum

Metencephalon functions

Swimming, equilibrium, maintenance of muscular tone, and orientation in space

Myelencephalon structures

Medulla oblongata

Myelencephalon functions

Respiration, osmoregulation, some color changes, taste, and hearing

Terminal nerve: origin & main role

Ventral border of the olfactory bulb, Neuromodulatory & chemosensory

Olfactory nerve: origin & main role

Cranial end of olfactory bulb, enables smell

Optic nerve: origin & main role

Optic lobes ventral to telencephalon, enables sight

Oculomotor nerve: origin & main role

Caudal ventral end of medulla, b/w optic lobes and cerebellum, eye movement

Trochlear nerve: origin & main role

Dorsolateral cranial surface of medulla (extremely small), eye movement

Trigeminal nerve: origin & main role

Cranial lateral border of medulla oblongata, sensation (touch, lat line) and jaw movement

Abducens nerve: origin & main role

Cranial ventral end of medulla oblongata, eye movement

Facial nerve: origin & main role

Lateral border of medulla oblongata, sensation (touch, lat line) and jaw movement

Auditory nerve: origin & main role

Lateral border of medulla oblongata, enables ear function

Glossopharyngeal nerve: origin & main role

Caudal lateral border of medulla, bronchial movements, taste, and lat line

Vagus nerve: origin & main role

Caudal lateral border of medulla, bronchial movements, taste, and lat line