Research Methods

What is hindsight bias?

belief that an outcome was forseeable (after it has occured)

Why is hindsight bias a problem in research?

It can make results seem obvious and reduce critical thinking about evidence

What is a scientific theory?

An explanation that organizes observations and predicts future outcomes

What makes a good theory?

It is testable and falsifiable

What does falsifiable mean?

It can be proven wrong through evidence

What is a hypothesis?

A testable prediction about the relationship between variables

What must a good hypothesis include?

The variables and the expected relationship between them

What is a variable?

Anything that can change or vary

What is an operational definition?

A precise description of how a variable is measured

Why are operational definitions important?

They make research measurable and replicable

what is an independent variable?

The variable that is manipulated.

What is a dependent variable?

The variable that is measured (the outcome)

What is a correlational study?

Examines relationships between variables without manipulation

What does correlation not prove?

Causation

What is a control group?

The group that does not receive the treatment.

What is an experimental group?

The group that receives the treatment.

Why is random assignment important?

It reduces bias and makes groups comparable.

What is a survey?

A method of collecting self-reported data.

What is a case study?

An in-depth analysis of one individual or group.

What does a positive correlation mean?

Both variables increase together.

What does a negative correlation mean?

One variable increases while the other decreases.

What is a third variable problem?

A hidden variable that influences both variables being studied.

What is the first step in the research process?

Form a testable hypothesis.

What is the second step in the research process?

Choose a method and measure variables

What is the second step in the research process?

Choose a method and measure variables.

What happens after collecting data?

Analyze results and draw conclusions.

Why are ethics important in research?

To protect participants from harm.

What is informed consent?

Participants agree to take part after being informed of risks.

What is confidentiality?

Keeping participant information private.