Chapter 19

Specialized system to bring oxygen into the body and expel carbon dioxide.

Respiratory System

Process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells.

Respiration

Ventilation or breathing; allows gas exchange in lungs.

External Respiration

Gas transport in blood and exchange with body cells.

Internal Respiration

Process of ATP production in mitochondria using oxygen.

Cellular Respiration

Includes the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx.

Upper Respiratory Tract

Includes the trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs.

Lower Respiratory Tract

Provides openings for air to enter and leave the nasal cavity.

Nose Function

Hollow space behind the nose for air conduction.

Nasal Cavity

Curled bones that increase surface area of mucous membrane in the nasal cavity.

Nasal Conchae

Receptors for the sense of smell located in the upper nasal cavity.

Olfactory Receptors

Cells that produce mucus to trap dust and pathogens.

Goblet Cells

Air-filled spaces in skull bones that reduce weight and resonate voice.

Sinuses

Passageway for food and air located posterior to nasal and oral cavities.

Pharynx

Enlargement of the airway that houses vocal cords.

Larynx

Largest cartilage of the larynx; also known as Adam's apple.

Thyroid Cartilage

Cartilage located below the thyroid cartilage.

Cricoid Cartilage

Cartilage forming a flap that covers the trachea during swallowing.

Epiglottic Cartilage

Folds of tissue in the larynx that vibrate to produce sound.

Vocal Cords

The windpipe; a flexible tube connecting the larynx to the bronchi.

Trachea

Branching airways leading from the trachea to the alveoli.

Bronchial Tree

Microscopic air sacs in the lungs for gas exchange.

Alveoli

Double-layered membrane surrounding each lung.

Pleura

Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking a deep breath.

Vital Capacity (VC)

Occurs in the alveoli where O2 is absorbed and CO2 is released.

Body Gas Exchange

The movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Ventilation

The act of taking air into the lungs.

Inspiration

The act of expelling air from the lungs.

Expiration

Volume of air moved in or out during a normal respiratory cycle.

Tidal Volume (TV)

Air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration.

Residual Volume (RV)

Volume of air reaching the alveoli for gas exchange per minute.

Alveolar Ventilation Rate (AVR)

CO2 is transported in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate.

Carbon Dioxide Transport

Amount of pressure each gas contributes to the total atmospheric pressure.

Partial Pressure

Receptors that monitor changes in blood chemistry that regulate breathing.

Chemoreceptors

Regulates depth of breathing by responding to lung stretch.

Inflation Reflex

Increased activity raises the demand for O2 and CO2 removal.

Exercise and Breathing

Protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen for transport.

Hemoglobin

Complex formed when oxygen binds to hemoglobin.

Oxyhemoglobin

Formed from CO2 reaction with water and crucial for transporting CO2 in blood.

Bicarbonate Ions

Substance secreted by alveolar cells that reduces surface tension in the lungs.

Surfactant

Immune cells that clean the alveoli by engulfing pathogens and debris.

Alveolar Macrophages

Hair-like structures that move mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory tract.

Cilia

Tissue that lines the respiratory tract, producing mucus to trap particles.

Mucous Membrane