Unit 9: Endocrine + Reproductive + Immune System

Self molecules

cells that belong to your own body. Your immune system recognizes them as normal and usually does not attack them

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

body cell’s surface proteins that are apart of a complex, one way immune system recognizes body cells as self

Antigens

usually proteins, bind to specific receptors on immune cells and elicit and adaptive immune response, allows cells to recognize pathogens

Antibody

A molecule that precisely matches and binds to a specific antigen

Lymph

blood plasma that has leaked from capillaries into tissue space

Insulin

causes blood glucose to be taken up by the liver

Adrenaline

Prepares the body to respond to emergencies

Melatonin

Regulates sleep wake cycles

Estrogen and Testosterone

Control production of gametes

Steroid Hormones

hormones made by the gonads and adrenal cortex

Target cells

Cells with specific receptors that a hormone can attach to

Spermatogenesis (production of sperm) occurs in

testes

Epididymis

where mature sperm are stored

Prostate gland

secrete substances to thin sperm

Penis

Delivers sperm

Scrotum

sac that contains the testis

Testes

contains epididymis and seminiferous tubules which produce and store sperm

Urethra

a passageway for both sperm and urine

Spermatogensis

process of making sperm

Mitochondria

organelle of sperm that provides the sperm with energy

Braxton Hicks contractions

weak, irregular contractions

oxytocin & prostaglandins

hormones that activate true labor

Communicates through neurons, works fast, uses action potentials, has short lasting responses

Nervous System

Communicate, maintain homeostasis, affect target cells, controlled by hypothalamus

Nervous and Endocrine systems

Communicates through hormones, travels through blood, works slowly, effects last longer

Endocrine System

Insuline

lowers blood sugar (ex. pancreas)

Melatonin

regulates sleep/walk cycle (ex. pineal gland)

Epinephrine (Adrenaline)

“fight or flight”, increases heart rate response and energy (ex. adrenal gland)

Exocrine Gland

uses ducts, secretes through tubes, (ex. sweat glands)

Endocrine Gland

ductless, release hormones in bloodstream (ex. pituitary gland)

Spermacyte

Oocyte

Structure contained in a follicle

oocyte (egg cell)

Vitro Fertilization

egg & sperm are combined in a lab, embryo is developed before implantation into the uterus.

Early Stage 1

cervix dilates to 8cm

Late Stage 1

cervix dilates to 10cm and full effacement occurs.

Stage 2

Stage of labor where the baby is delivered through the birth canal.

Stage 3

Stage of labor involving the delivery of the placenta.

Urethra

The duct through which urine is discharged from the bladder and also serves as the passageway for sperm in males.

Testes

Male reproductive glands that produce sperm and hormones such as testosterone.

Ovaries

Female reproductive glands responsible for producing eggs and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.

Prostate Gland

A gland in males located below the bladder that produces seminal fluid, which nourishes and transports sperm during ejaculation.

Epididymis

A coiled tube located at the back of each testis where sperm mature and are stored before ejaculation.

Uterus

The muscular organ in females where a fertilized egg implants and develops during pregnancy, also plays a key role in menstruation.

Oviduct

Also known as the fallopian tube, it is a pair of tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus and is the site of fertilization.

Penis

The male reproductive organ that delivers sperm to the female reproductive tract during sexual intercourse and also functions as part of the urinary system.

Fimbriae

finger-like projections at the end of the oviduct that help guide the egg from the ovary into the oviduct.

Vagina

The muscular tube that connects the external genitals to the uterus, serving as the birth canal and the passage for menstrual fluid and intercourse.

Virus

Non living, ne4eds a host, cannot be killed by antibiotics

Bacteria

living, reproduce on their own, treated with antibiotics

Viruses

HIV herpes hepatitis b genital warts

Bacterias

chlamydia gonorrhea syphilis

Mitosis

is a process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells, critical for growth and repair, diploid, 2 cells, PMAT

Meiosis

is a specialized type of cell division that results in 4 non-identical daughter cells, critical for sexual reproduction, haploid, PMAT x2

Lymphatic system

is a network of vessels and nodes that plays a crucial role in the immune system, transporting lymph fluid, filtering pathogens, and aiding in immune responses.

Innate immunity

fast response, is the body's first line of defense against pathogens, comprising non-specific responses such as barriers (skin, mucous membranes) and phagocytic cells.

Adaptive Immunity

slower response, is a specific immune response that develops over time, characterized by the activation of lymphocytes (B cells and T cells) and the formation of immunological memory.

Thymus

is a primary lymphoid organ located in the chest, responsible for the maturation of T cells, which are crucial for adaptive immunity.

Red Bone

Marrow is a primary site of hematopoiesis, where blood cells are produced, contributing to both the immune system and overall blood volume.

Spleen

is a secondary lymphoid organ located in the upper left abdomen. It filters blood, removes old or damaged red blood cells, and plays a key role in immune responses by producing lymphocytes and antibodies.

Tonsils

are lymphoid tissues located at the back of the throat, responsible for trapping pathogens and initiating immune responses, particularly during childhood.

Lymph Nodes

are small, bean-shaped structures distributed throughout the body. They filter lymph fluid, trapping pathogens and housing immune cells like lymphocytes to help fight infections.

Inflammation response description

is the body's protective response to injury or infection, characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain. This process helps to eliminate harmful stimuli and initiate healing.

zygote

is the fertilized egg formed by the union of a sperm and an ovum. It undergoes cell division to develop into an embryo.

morula

is a solid ball of cells formed by the division of a zygote, typically occurring after fertilization. It consists of 16-32 cells and precedes the blastocyst stage in early embryonic development.

blastula

is an early stage of embryonic development, characterized by a hollow sphere of cells surrounding a fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. It develops from the morula and eventually leads to the formation of the gastrula.

pre-embryonic

development refers to the stages of embryonic development before the formation of the embryo, including the zygote, morula, and blastula stages.

embryonic

development refers to the stages of development following the pre-embryonic period, including the formation of the embryo and its subsequent differentiation into various tissues and organs.

fetal

development refers to the later stages of development after embryonic development, characterized by growth and maturation of the fetus until birth.