Psy unit 5

Motive

a specific need, desire or want that prompts goal-oriented behavior

theories of motivation

instinct

drive reduction

sensation-seeking

self-determination

eating & belongingness

instinct

is an innate behavior that is not learned

Eating

Hypothalamus regulates hunger and other bodily systems including the pituitary gland

●“Master gland”

●Releases hormones to
regulate growth and
metabolism

Ghrelin

A hormone produced by the stomach signaling hunger to the brain

Leptin

A hormone produced by fat cells that helps regulate appetite

Eating cycle

when you get hungry, gherkin makes your stomach growl and you have less leptin

what is eating

A state of balance and stability in which the organism functions effectively

Drive reduction theory

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Arousal

State of activation and alertness (remember fight-or-flight?)

Arousal Theory

Theory suggests each of us has an optimum level of arousal that varies situationally

Behavior may be motivated by the desire to maintain that optimum level

The Yerkes-Dodson Law

There is an optimal level of arousal for the best performance of any task

●The more complex the task, the lower the level of arousal that can be tolerated before performance deteriorates

Sensation-seeking

A personality trait characterized by the active pursuit of varied, novel, complex, and intense
experiences, marked by
the willingness to take risks
to achieve such stimulation

Experience Seeking

An individual actively pursues new, intense, and varied experiences

Adventure Seeking

An individual actively pursues exciting, risky, and potentially dangerous activities that produce intense sensations

Disinhibition

The loss of normal control over emotions and actions or the inability to withhold an inappropriate behavior

Boredom Susceptibility

A personality trait where an individual is prone to experiencing boredom

Intrinsic Motivation

A desire to perform behavior that originates within the individual

Extrinsic Motivation

A desire to perform a behavior to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment

Competence

Need to effectively deal with one’s environment

Autonomy

Need to control the course of one’s life

Relatedness

Need for close, affectionate relationships

Social Conflict Theory

People experience conflict when faced with choosing between multiple options

Approach-Approach:

Deciding between two desirable outcomes that both lead to positive results

Avoidance-Avoidance

“Lose-lose” situation in which neither option is desirable; forced-choice situation

Approach-Avoidance

Both options have desirable and undesirable results

emotion

sometimes called affect

emotion

-physiological arousal

-behaviors

-conscious thoughts

display rules

norms that dictate how and when emotions should be expressed?

-when is it acceptable to cry?

-who can cry

elicitor

something that triggers an emotion

-success elicits happiness/pride

-failure elicits embarrassment/shame

Individualistic values

freedom, autonomy, individual achievement

Collectivistic values

cooperation, teamwork, social harmony

Individualistic happiness is elicited by

freedom, achievement

collectivistic happiness is elicited by

social connectedness

individualistic anger is elicited by

violation of autonomy, rights

collectivistic anger is elicited by

violation of group norms/ harmony

James-lange theory

Cognitive experience follows physiological arousal

-stimulus

-physiological arousal

-cognitive experience

-emotion (fear)

Cannon-Bard

cognitive experience happens simultaneously with arousal

Stimulus to physiological arousal-emotion (fear)

Two-factor theory

Emotion requires an explicit cognitive label

Broaden and Build theory

Positive emotions “broaden and build” your mental and physical resources

-try new things

-think differently

-increase resilience

facial-feedback hypothesis

physically making certain facial expressions can make you feel emotion more intensely

Health psychology

How do psychological factors (thoughts, emotions, behaviors) interact with biological and social factors to influence health and illness?

What is stress

A psychological and physiological response to a perceived threat or demanding situation

●Marked by physiological changes

○“Fight-or-flight”

○Adrenaline and cortisol

Stressor

An event triggering a stress response

Eustress

●“Good stress”

●Engaging in challenging but attainable

●Feelings of accomplishment and motivation

Distress

●Debilitating

●Often caused by a stressful or traumatic event

●Impair functioning in daily life

●Feelings of anxiety, sadness, discomfort

Burnout

A state of physical and emotional exhaustion due to prolonged or excessive stress

General Adaptation Syndrome

A three-stage physiological process the body goes through when experiencing stress

General Adaptation Syndrome Alarm:

Encounter a threatening stimulus = fight-or-flight enacted (ends if threat is avoided)

General Adaptation Syndrome Resistance:

Encounter the stressor. Body adapts to the stressor by maintaining elevated stress hormones

General Adaptation Syndrome Exhaustion

Stressor subsides or resources are spent. Prolonged stress exposure depletes energy reserves (body is no longer able to cope with the stressor, functioning declines; decreased immunity)

Tend and befriend

Tending to one’s own needs or the needs of others and seeking social connection under stress

Stress and Disease

●Stress heightens susceptibility to disease

●Stress hormones are released after experiencing chronic stress, altering immune function

Problem-focused coping

Dealing with stress by directly addressing the stressor

Emotion-focused coping

Dealing with stress by managing one’s response to a stressor

Gratitude

Recognizing and appreciating the good things in life

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

excessive anxiety or worry about a variety of topics, events or activities

Generalized Anxiety Disorder symptoms

edginess

Impaired concentration

excessively tired or fatigued

need 6+ weeks before treatment

Treating GAD

CBT

antidepressants

biofeedback

biofeedback

training a client to consciously control their physiological responses by receiving real time feedback

Social anxiety disorder (sad)

fear of social situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar to people or scrutiny by others

anxiety disorders

disorders marked by excessive and persistent fear or anxiety, often manifesting worry, apprehension, or nervousness that interrupts daily life

society anxiety disorders

fears acting in a way that will be embarrassing and humiliating

The avoidance, anticipation, or distress of the feared situation interferes significantly with the person’s life

6+ months symptoms

Taijin kyofusho

intense fear of offending others through one’s appearance, body odor, facial expressions or body movements

similar to social anxiety disorder but concern is over causing discomfort in others

Panic attacks

sudden episode of intense anxiety and feeling of impending doom paired with frightening physical symptoms

panic attacks symptoms

pounding heart

trembling

chest pain

Ataque of Nervios (attack of the nerves)

a sudden episode of intense emotional distress

first seen in Puerto Rican soldiers

seen in hispanic culture

Agoraphobia

significant fear of being in situations or places where escape might be difficult or embarrassing, leading to avoidance of these situations to prevent experiencing a panic attack or feeling trapped

Agoraphobia symptoms

fears include leaving home alone, being in crowds

fear is out of proportion of the actual danger, leading to avoidance