POSC 200 FINAL Rutherford JMU

Montreal Protocol

designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion

Kyoto Protocol

international treaty under the UN framework convention on climate change that committed industrialized nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

Paris Protocol

Aims to limit climate change to well below 2 degrees celcius increase

Why was Jordan the first to have disability rights

Hashemite royal family, Education, Openness to foreigners

Which convention was the disability rights

2006 convention for the rights and dignity of people with disabilities (CRPD)

Rise and fall of empires (empires discussed)

Roman, Mongol, Aztec, Mayan, Incan, Zulu empires

Collective security

A broad alliance of most major actors in an international system for the purpose of jointly opposing aggression by any actor

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

1972 First UN Conference on the Environment

First conference to make environment a major issue, held in STOCKHOLM

Gold/Precious metals standard

a system in international monetary relations in which the value of national currencies was pegged to the value of gold or other precious metals

Convertible currency

The guarantee that the holder of a particular currency can exchange it for another currency. Some states' currencies are nonconvertible.

Fixed exchange rates

The official rates of exchange for currencies set by governments; not a dominant mechanism in the international monetary system since 1973.

Floating exchange rates

the rates determined by global currency markets in which both private investors and governments buy and sell currencies

Central bank

an institution common in industrialized countries whose major tasks are to maintain the value of the state's currency and to control inflation

Federal reserve

the central bank of the United States

World bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

International monetary fund (IMF)

An IGO that coordinates international currency exchange, the balance of international payments and national accounts

Multinational corporations (MNCs)

A company based in one state with affiliated branches or subsidiaries operating in other states

Bretton Woods

A post- WWII arrangement for managing the world economy, established at a meeting in Bretton Woods, NH. Main institutional components are the world bank and the IMF

The four tigers

South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan

South Korea as a tiger

Electronics, vehicle production, telecommunicating, shipbuilding, steel, chemicals

Hong Kong as a tiger

Financial services, tourism, trading and logistics, producer services, professional transport engineering

Singpore as a tiger

Manufacturing, chemicals, electronics, biomedical sciences

Taiwan as a tiger

Semiconductors

Marten's clause

Law of humanity, dictates of public conscience

What are lethal autonomous weapons systems commonly referred to as?

Killer robots

What is a key feature of lethal autonomous weapons systems?

They are capable of independently selecting and attacking targets.

What is a concern regarding the development of killer robots?

Accountability for mistakes or unlawful harm.

What do robots lack that raises ethical concerns in warfare?

Compassion, moral judgement, and respect.

Fyodor Martens

Russian diplomat who introduced the Martens Clause

What are noncommunicable diseases?

Noninfectious health conditions that can't be spread from person-to-person.

What is another term for noncommunicable diseases?

Chronic disease

What are some examples of noncommunicable diseases?

Heart diseases, strokes, cancer, diabetes

What are some risk factors for noncommunicable diseases?

Tobacco, alcohol, diet, physical inactivity

What are infectious diseases caused by?

Organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

What is one way infectious diseases can be transmitted?

Animal to person exchange.

Name a viral infectious disease.

COVID-19, Flu, Hepatitis A + B

Ebola

A contagious viral disease originating in Africa. It is transmitted by blood and body fluids and causes body organs and vessels to leak blood, usually resulting in death.

Malaria

A disease caused by mosquitoes implanting parasites in the blood.

COVID origin possibilites:

1. Infected bat bit a human which spread to others

2. A bat bit another animal that was being sold at a market & was consumed by humans

3. A lab that researches viruses in Wuhan had created it

CNN Effect

If CNN isn't there, then nobody will know.

CNN brings mass amounts of attention to issues which makes people aware & care.

- other photographers and journalists follow CNN around

Mission creep

Shift in objectives during a mission (rebuild, education, etc.)

Operation Restore Hope

U.S. mission in Somalia to help establish a cease fire between rival warlords and deliver food to starving people

Get the food through

December 1992, Bush sent 20,000 Marines to Somalia- success 'Get the food through'

Force protection

Actions taken to prevent or mitigate hostile actions against Department of Defense personnel

(to include family members), resources, facilities and critical information.

Operation Gothic Serpent

Hunt down and capture General Aidid to remove him from power and restore order (Somalia)

Somalia syndrome

term to identify US reluctance to send troops to offer humanitarian aid

Operation Uphold Democracy

Haiti- Haitians were coming to Florida due to protesting the president being overthrown by its military. President Clinton gives a speech & decides to send U.S. Soldiers to Haiti to stop the brutal atrocities.

Economic liberalism

The idea that government should not interfere in the workings of the economy, cooperation helps to realize common gains.

Mercantilism

An economic theory designed to increase a nation's wealth through the development of commercial industry and a favorable balance of trade.

Free trade

international trade free of government interference

Why Americans drink coffee

The Boston Tea party (taxation without representation)

Comparative advantage (David Ricardo)

The ability of a country to produce a good at a lower cost than another country can.

Wealth of Nations (Adam Smith)

British philosopher and writer Adam Smith's 1776 book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics.

Invisible hand (Adam Smith)

Term economists use to describe the self-regulating nature of the marketplace, coined by Adam Smith.

Division of labor (Adam Smith)

Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers

Protectionism

Economic policy of shielding an economy from imports.

Resistance to global trade

Human rights, environmental issues, worker safety

Tariffs

A tax or duty on imported goods

League of nations

An organization of nations formed after World War I to promote cooperation and peace.

Non-tariff barriers

Quotas (ex. Ford can only sell 10k cars a year), subsidies (tax breaks from government), economic nationalism (ex. forced to buy American products)

Dumping

Selling goods in another country below market prices

Cartel

An association of producers/consumers/both of a certain product formed for the purpose of manipulating its price on the world market

OPEC

Oil producing exporting countries, oligarchy, cartel

Monopoly

Complete control of a product or business by one person or group

Convoy

group of merchant ships protected by warships

Human development index

Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy

Sustainable development goals

United Nation goals setting targets for 17 basic needs to be achieved by 2030.

- undo poverty, end world hunger

Basic human needs

1. Healthcare (75% of world have about 30% of Dr.'s & nurses) (Meds are often unavailable)

2. Safe water (3/10 do not have safe drinking water)

3. Sanitation (4.5 billion do not have)

4. Shelter (1/6 are homeless or lives in substanding)

The most important factors keeping these people in extreme poverty

1. Civil war

2. Corruption

3. Resource curse (oil)

4. Landlocked location without access to trade

Remittances

Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries

Global south

a term used to designate the less-developed countries located primarily in the Southern Hemisphere

Pro-globalization arguments

-Openness to foreign trade, investments, and technology

-Tourism

-Good for small businesses

-Facilitates migration

-Contributes to decline in inequality

-Motivated work force

Anti-globalization arguments

-Widening gap between have and have not

-Zero sum game (win or lose)

-Economic tempress

Population movement categories

-Migrants: economic opportunities

-Refugees: fleeing political, religious, ethnic discrimination

-Asylum seekers: seeking permanent residency/citizenship b/c of fear in their country, gov't protected

-Displaced person: temporary, because of conflict/natural disasters; gov't protected

-Immigrant: purposely moving for citizenship

Genocide

the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.

Rwanda

Conflict in Rwanda was the culmination of over a century of struggles between two main ethnic groups, the Hutu & Tutsi, mass killing Tutsi by Hutu

Ethnic cleansing

euphemism for forced displacement of an ethnic group

Examples of conflict

man vs. man, man vs. nature, man vs. society, man vs. self

ICBL (International Campaign to Ban Landmines)

Orgs involved: Handicap international, human rights watch, mines advisory, physicians for human rights

-Ban unnecessary suffering

Won the 1997 Nobel Peace Prize

Legal definition of a landmine

A 'munition designed to be placed under, on or near the ground or other surface area and to be exploded by the presence, proximity or contact of a person or vehicle'

The 3 unlawful weapons and means of attack legal rules

1. Indiscriminate; can't determine victims (Ex. chemical, biological weapons)

2. Proportionality (civilian harm cannot be excessive compared to military gain)

3. Unnecessary suffering

What does Protocol I of the 1980 Convention on Conventional Weapons address?

It banned bullets that can't be identified by x-ray (non-detectable fragments).

What does Protocol II of the 1980 Convention on Conventional Weapons regulate?

It restricts the use of mines and booby traps, requiring them to be mapped and marked with signs. (LANDMINES)

What does Protocol III of the 1980 Convention on Conventional Weapons prohibit?

It banned incendiary devices, including flamethrowers.

Landmine survivors network

LSN was cofounded by Ken Rutherford & Jerry White

Collective goods

Dilemma on how to provide something that benefits all members of a group when not all parties contribute. Parties may gain from lack of contribution, but if not everyone contributes then the good may not be able to be provided.

Treaty of Westphalia

established the principle of independent sovereign states in 1648. This placed importance on states with strong military capacities and global interests.

Global disability rights law (& the year)

Convention for the Rights and Dignity of People with Disabilities (2006)

FDR

-New Deal

-National Parks

-Freed Jews from concentration camps

-Disabled & in a wheel chair

Non-governmental organizations- NGOs

A type of non-profit organization (NPO) operating in the private sector of the economy for the benefit of others in society (rather than for shareholders).

Prisoner's dilemma

A situation in which two (or more) actors cannot agree to cooperate for fear that the other will find its interest best served by reneging on an agreement.

Security dilemma

A dilemma that arises when efforts that states make to defend themselves cause other states to feel less secure. This dilemma can lead to arms races and war due to fear of being attacked.

International regime

Set of rules, normalities, and procedures around which the expectations of actors converge in a certain issue area.

United Nations Organs

General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice, Secretariat

Weapons of mass destruction

Biological, chemical, or nuclear weapons that can cause a massive number of deaths in a single use, relative lack of discrimination in whom they kill.

Nuremberg Trials

A series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity.

Neo-functionalism

Economic integration generates political dynamic integration (spillover effect)

Functionalism

Working together on a goal oriented task, something tangible

Treaty of Rome

European Economic Community (EEC), later renamed the European Community (EC), which created/adpoted:

- Free-trade area (lifts tariffs and restrictions on movement of goods

- Customs union (participating states adopt unified set of tariffs)

- Common market (labour and capital flow freely across boarders)

- Common Agricultural Policy (common market, at least in theory)