Migration

what is migration?

the movement of people from place to place (this could be within a country or internationally)

whats immigration?

movement into a country

whats emigration?

movement out of a country

whats net migration?

the difference between number of immigrants and emigrants (can be net increase or net decrease)

until 1980s what was there more of?

emigration than immigration

what is the patterns of UK immigration from 1900 until WWII?

most immigrants were from Ireland followed by European Jews (refugees) followed by people from Canada/US, and almost all immigrants white

what was it like in the 1950s?

black immigrants from Caribbean began to arrive in UK (Windrush generation)

what about 1960s and 70s?

• South Asian immigration

• the main consequence of this is a more ethnically diverse society which creates family diversity

In 2023, what percent of the UK population were part of an ethnic minority group?

16%

what has this immigration trend been affected by?

Brexit

what is the pattern of UK emigrants?

• In UK, most reasons for emigration are economic (work/money-related)

• In other places, emigration may be due to religious/political/racial persecution

what are push and pull factors?

• Pull factors – things that attract someone to a place (e.g. good work opportunities, high wages)

• Push factors – things that make someone want to leave a place –(e.g. recession, high unemployment levels)

These are factors at play when emigrating.

How does the impact of migration effects population size?

• The net migration in the UK is high increasing population size

• Natural increase is also high, as non-UK born mothers have higher fertility rates

what is the TFR for UK-born women in 2021?

and non-UK born women?

• 1.54

• 2.03

what is the impact on population structure directly and indirectly?

• it directly lowers the average age of population as immigrants generally younger

• it indirectly lowers the average age of population because they are younger and immigrants usually have more children

what is a positive of migration impacting population structure?

immigrants often are younger so are more likely to be of working age and also often return to their country of origin when retired

a negative?

they usually have more children who form big part of an economically dependent population. However, these children grow up and generally become economically active