Hygiene Lecture 8

What is ionizing radiation?

Radiation with enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, causing ionization.

Which ionizing radiations have high penetration capacity?

Electromagnetic radiation such as X rays and gamma rays.

Which ionizing radiations have lower penetration capacity?

Particle radiations such as alpha particles, beta particles, neutron beams, and proton radiation.

What is the unit of radioactivity?

Becquerel (Bq), equal to one nuclear disintegration or transformation per second.

What is the unit of absorbed radiation dose?

Gray (Gy), equivalent to 1 joule/kg.

What is the unit of equivalent and effective radiation dose?

Sievert (Sv).

Which factors influence the biological effects of ionizing radiation?

Dose, radiation type, penetration, distance, exposure route, duration, frequency, age, sex, and exposed tissue sensitivity.

According to the Bergonie-Tribondeau law, which cells are most radiosensitive?

Cells with high growth rate and low differentiation.

What is acute radiation syndrome?

Acute illness after whole-body exposure to a high dose over 1 Gy of penetrating radiation in a short time.

What are the stages of acute radiation syndrome?

Prodromal stage, latent stage, manifest illness stage, and recovery or death.

What are the main delayed effects of ionizing radiation?

Carcinogenic, teratogenic, and genetic effects.

What is the most important radioactive pollutant found in public and private buildings?

Radon.

What are the main patient radioprotection principles?

Justify every procedure, use the least necessary dose, limit repeated exams, follow correct technique, and protect sensitive organs.

What are the main health effects of ultraviolet radiation?

Bactericidal effect, vitamin D synthesis, and increased risk of skin cancer.

What practical measures reduce RFEMR exposure from mobile phones?

Reduce call number and duration, use speaker or hands-free devices, keep distance from the head, avoid poor signal areas, and use text messages.