Ch 9 and 10 Terms

Mendel

Worked on pea plants and accidently discovered genetics

William Bateson

Rediscovered Mendel and created the study of genetics

Reginald Punnet

Used quantitative math to pattern Mendels work. Worked with Bateson

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Created 1st mapping of genes in chromosomes and discovered sex chromosomes

Sutton and Boveri

Linked heredity and chromosomes

Fredrick Griffith and Oswald Avery

Both made normal bacteria harmful

Alfred Hershey+Martha Chase

Replicated Avery experiment with viruses

Erwin Chargaff

Discovered DNA was made of 4 pieces A T C G

Linus Pauling+Robert Corey

Both determined helical structure of DNA

Wilkens+Franklin

Both used crytallography to determine DNA is a 2 sided molecule. Wilkens won Nobel prize with Watson and Kreig

Watson+Kreig

Determined DNA was a double helix and designed a 3-d model of DNA. Were helped by Wilkens and Franklin. Also determined DNA structure in a paper.

Meselson+Stahl

Discovered DNA replication process

Heredity

Transmission of traits from one generation to the next

Law of Dominance

One allele will mask the other when both are present in the offspring

Law of Segregation

Paired alleles will seperate during Meiosis. 1 allele from each parent

Law of Independent Assortment

Genes for different traits are distributed to the gametes independent of each other

Complete dominance

All of mendels crosses in pea plants

Incomplete Dominance

Neither allele dominant and create a 3rd phenotype by blending

Codominance

Neither allele dominant but both alleles appear in phenotype

Pleiotropy

1 gene influences multiple character. EX sickle cell disease

Polygenic inheritance

A phenotype can result from additive effects. EX human skin color

Nucleotide structure

Nitrogen base, 5 C sugar(deoxyribose), Phosphate group

Nitrogen bases 2 Ring Purine

A=Adenine, G=Guanine,

Nitrogen base 1 ring pyrimidine

C=cytosine, T=Thymine(Only present in DNA) U=Uracil(Only present in RNA)

DNA structure

Double helix, sugar phosphate backbone, Nitrogen base in middle, 1 regular side and one upside down side

RNA structure

Mostly same as DNA structure but its 1 sided, has a varied single strand shape and is smaller than DNA

Chromosome theory of Inheritance

Genes are in specific locations and undergo segregation

Landstiener

Determined blood type

Wild-type trait

Most common trait is not dominant. EX freckles

Protein Synthesis Process

Transcription, RNA processing, Translation

Genetic Code

Translation of codons for amino acids. Can be redundant, unambiguous and nearly universal