Bio120 Lab Exam 2 Flashcards

Flashcards covering immunology, genetics, evolution, botany, and ecology topics for the Bio120 Lab Exam 2.

Antibody

• Y shaped proteins that are designed to identify and help remove foreign substances; they interact with antigens based on shape-specific binding by attaching to a portion of a specific antigen

• Contains 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains as well as a constant and variable region found at the heavy chains

Positive Control

• A positive ELISA test

• Purple

Negative Control

• A negative ELISA test

• Light Blue

How the ELISA test works

• Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; a laboratory technique used to detect and measure antibodies or antigens in a sample.

• Works by using a color changing reaction to detect if the target antigen or antibody is present

Genotype

• The specific genetic makeup or set of alleles of an organism.

Phenotype

• The observable physical traits of an organism, determined by its genetic makeup.

Homozygous

• Having two identical alleles for a particular gene; can be dominant or recessive.

• EX: AA

Heterozygous

• Having two different alleles for a particular gene.

• EX:Aa

Carrier

• An individual who is heterozygous for a recessive genetic disease, meaning they carry the allele but do not display the symptoms.

Complete Dominance

• A mode of inheritance where the dominant allele completely masks the effect of the recessive allele in a heterozygote.

Incomplete Dominance

A mode of inheritance where the heterozygous phenotype is a blend or intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes.

Co-dominance

A mode of inheritance where both alleles in the heterozygote are fully and equally expressed.

Adaptation

An inherited characteristic or trait that enhances an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a specific environment.

Natural Selection

The process by which individuals with certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than others because of those traits.

Variation of Traits, Heritability, Differential Reproduction are needed for this to take place

Analogous Traits

Characteristics that are similar in function or appearance due to convergent evolution rather than shared ancestry.

Homologous Traits

Characteristics in different species that are similar because they were inherited from a common ancestor.

Carbon Dating

A method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon.

Bryophytes

Non-vascular plants, such as mosses, that lack seeds, pollen, flowers, and fruit, and require water for reproduction.

Ferns

Vascular plants that produce spores (often in sori) rather than seeds and require water for reproduction.

Gymnosperms

Vascular plants (conifers) that produce pollen and "naked" seeds, often in male and female cones, but do not have flowers or fruit.

Angiosperms

Vascular plants that produce seeds, pollen, flowers, and fruit.

Vascular Tissue

Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients, allowing plants to grow tall and big.

Pollinator Syndrome

Sets of flower traits (such as color, shape, and scent) that have evolved in response to natural selection imposed by different pollen vectors like wind or specific animals.

Fruit

A mature plant ovary that contains seeds and is often adapted for various methods of dispersal.

Phylogenetic Tree

A diagram used to visually identify recent common ancestors and levels of relatedness between different species or groups.

Ancestral Traits

Characteristics that were present in the common ancestor of a group.

Derived Traits

Characteristics that have appeared in a lineage after it diverged from the common ancestor.

Protostomes

A group of animals in which the mouth develops from the first opening (blastopore) during embryonic development.

Deuterostomes

A group of animals in which the anus develops from the first opening (blastopore) during embryonic development.

Trophic Levels

The hierarchical levels in an ecosystem comprising organisms that share the same function in the food chain (e.g., herbivores, carnivores).

Ecological Pyramid

A graphical representation showing that energy loss results in lower trophic levels having larger population sizes than higher trophic levels.

Bioaccumulation

The gradual buildup of substances, such as pesticides or other chemicals, in an individual organism.

Biomagnification

The increasing concentration of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in the tissues of organisms at successively higher levels in a food chain.

Biotic Factors

The living components of an environment that influence an ecosystem.

Abiotic Factors

The non-living physical and chemical parts of the environment that affect living organisms and the functioning of ecosystems.

Trophic Cascade

An ecological phenomenon triggered by the addition or removal of top predators and involving reciprocal changes in the relative populations of predator and prey through a food chain.

Antigen

• Typically proteins or polysaccharides present on the surfaces of viruses, bacteria, and bacteria that starts a response from the immune system by identifying any unwanted foreign substances in the body

• They interact with antibodies