BIO 202 final

What are the three primary functions of the nasal cavity during respiration?

Filtering warming, and moistening the air

What is the anatomical purpose of the nasal conchae?

To increase the surface area within the nasal cavity

What structure is responsible for equalizing pressure in the middle ear?

The auditory tube

What is the specific function of the olfactory epithelium?

To detect smells

Which pharyngeal region serves as an air passage specifically from the nose?

The nasopharynx

Which pharyngeal region acts as a shared passage for both air and food?

The oropharynx

Which structure leads directly into the larynx and esophagus?

The laryngopharynx

What is the primary function of the primary bronchi?

To direct air into the lungs

Which respiratory structures are responsible for distributing air within the lungs?

Bronchioles

Which laryngeal cartilage provides protection for the vocal cords?

The thyroid cartilage

What is the function of the cricoid cartilage?

To support the larynx

Which specific structures are responsible for sound production in the larynx?

True vocal cords

What is the main function of the trachea?

To act as a primary airway to the lungs

What is it necessary for the trachea to have c shaped cartilaginous rings?

To keep the trachea open at all times

Which structure prevents food from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing?

The uvula

What is the function of the epiglottis during the process of swallowing?

The blocks food from entering the trachea

The opening between the vocal courts is known as the ___.

Glottis

In which specific part of the respiratory system does the exchange of gases occur?

The alveoli

Why are the cartilaginous C-rings of the trachea open on the posterior side?

To allow the esophagus to expand during swallowing

Which organs comprise the upper respiratory track?

The nose, nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx

Which organs comprise the lower respiratory track?

The trachea, bronchi and lungs

List the first three structures, air passes through during inspiration in the complete sequence

Nostril, nasal conchae, and pharynx

In the complete sequence of inspiration which structure follows the trachea?

Primary Bronchi

In the respiratory tree, what structures are found between the tertiary bronchi and the respiratory bronchioles?

Terminal bronchi

How many lobes are present in the right lung?

3 lobes

How many lobes are present in the left lung?

Two lobes

Which Lung contains the cardiac notch?

The left Lung

What is the name of the serous membrane that covers lung?

The pluera

What are the two primary functions of the pluera?

To reduce friction and aid movement during respiration

Distinguish between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura

The visceral layer covers the lungs, while the parietal later lines the chest walls

What is the specific function of the type 2 pneumocytes

Gas exchange

What is the function of the Type II leukocytes in the alveoli?

To produce surfactant

What is the physiological importance of th surfactant in the alveoli?

It reduces surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse

Define external respiration.

Gas exchange occurring in the lungs

Define internal respiration

Gas exchange occurring in the tissues

what is the technical term for “breathing”?

Ventilation

what is the definition of tidal volume?

The amount of pair moving in or out per breath, approximately 50 mL

define vital capacity

The maximum volume of air exhaled after a maximum inhalation

define residual volume

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a full forceful exhalation

what instrument is used to measure respiratory volumes?

A spirometer

how is the majority of oxygen transported from the alveoli to the body tissues?

Bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells

name the three ways carbon dioxide is transported from tissues to the lungs

dissolved in plasma, as bicarbonate, or bound to hemoglobin

what is a normal respiratory rate for a healthy adult?

12 to 20 breaths per minute

what is the most important chemical regulator of respiration?

Carbon dioxide levels via blood pH

what two muscles are primarily responsible for quiet inhalation

The diaphragm and external intercostals

how does the pressure inside the lungs change during inhalation to allow airflow?

The volume increases, causing the pressure to decrease (negative pressure)

why is normal quiet acceleration considered the passive process?

It occurs when the muscles relax, allowing the thoracic volume to decrease and pressure to increase

where in the brain is the respiratory center located?

In the medulla oblongata and the pons

define the term apnea

The absence of breathing

define the term dyspnea

difficulty or labored breathing

define the term eupnea

Normal quiet breathing

define the term hyperpnea

Deep or labored breathing

which digestive function involves the enzymatic breakdown of food?

Chemical digestion

which digestive function involves the physical breakdown of food, such as chewing?

mechanical digestion

define propulsion in the context of the digestive system

Moving food through the GI tract

name the primary organs that make up the GI track

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

List the accessory organs of the digestive system

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Which layer of the alimentary canal is the innermost lining that secretes mucus?

The mucosa

what are the components of the submucosa layer?

connective tissue with blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

which layer of the alimentary canal is responsible for peristalsis?

The muscularis externa

Define peristalsis

involuntary, wave like muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract

what is the specific function of the myenteric plexus?

It controls GI motility

what is the function of the submucosal plexus?

It regulates enzyme secretion and blood flow

What is the name of the serous membrane covering the abdominal organs?

The peritoneum

Distinguish between the visceral and parietal peritoneum

The visceral peritoneum covers organs; the parietal peritoneum lines the cavity walls

What does the term retroperitoneal mean?

Organs located behind the peritoneum

Name one organ that is considered retroperitoneal

The pancreas or kidneys

Define mastication

The process of chewing and mixing food with saliva to form a bolus

Define deglutition

The act of swallowing food

Name the three major pairs of salivary glands

Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands

which salivary gland is the largest and located near the ears?

The parotid gland

describe the muscle composition of the esophagus

The superior 1/3 is skeletal muscle and the inferior 2/3 is smooth muscle

what is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter

it prevents the backflow (reflux) of stomach contents into the esophagus

which part of the stomach connects directly to the esophagus

The cardia

What are rugae and what is their function in the stomach

Folds in the lining that allow the stomach to expand as it fills

which part of the stomach regulates the release of chyme into the duodenum?

The pylorus

what are the primary functions of the stomach?

Storing and mixing food, beginning protein, digestion, and secreting gastric juice

name the three main components of gastric juice

hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, and mucus

what are the two functions of the parietal cells in the stomach?

secreting hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

why is the intrinsic factor necessary for the body?

It is required for a vitamin B12 absorption in the ileum

what is the function of Chief cells in the stomach?

They secret pepsinogen

Define chyme

a semi liquid mixture of food and gastric juices

how does the mucosal barrier protect the stomach?

It prevents the stomach from being digested by its own acid and enzymes

List the three anatomical regions of the small intestine in order

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

which valve separates the small intestine from the larger intestine

The ileocecal valve

what is the main function of the small intestine?

Completing digestion and absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream

which three structures in the small intestine increase surface area for absorption

Circular folds (plica circulates), villi, and microvilli

what are Peyer's patches and where are they located?

Lymphoid tissues in the ileum that protect against bacterial infection infections

what are the primary functions of the large intestine?

Absorbing water and electrolytes, forming feces, and hosting beneficial bacteria

name the role of the liver and hepatic portal circulation

It filters and processes blood from the GI tract before it enters systematic circulation

what is the digestive function of bile and where is it produced?

It emulsifies fats and it is produced by the lover

what is the function of the gallbladder?

To store, concentrate, and release bile

why is the pancreas a classified as an exocrine gland?

Because it produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate

which pancreatic consecration helps neutralize acidic chyme in the duodenum?

Bicarbonate

which enzyme begins carbohydrate digestion in the mouth?

Salivary amylase

which enzyme is the main fat digesting enzyme, active in the small intestine?

Pancreatic lipase

what is the function of pepsin and how is it activated?

It breaks down proteins. It is activated from pepsinogen by HCI.

What do nuclease enzymes break down?

Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) into nucleotides

List four functions of the urinary system

Removing waste, regulating blood volume/pressure, controlling electrolytes/pH, and producing hormones

Which hormone produced by the urinary system is involved in blood pressure regulation?

Renin