AP World History: Unit 9 - Globalization

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope; in terms of AP World History - globalized culture and trade

Green Revolution

In the late 1960s, farmers began incorporating new technologies, including high-yielding varieties of cereals (esp wheat and rice), and the widespread use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and controlled irrigation to rapidly increase food production in developing nations such as Mexico and India; contributed to widespread eradication of poverty, averted hunger for millions, raised incomes, increased greenhouse gas emissions, reduced land use for agriculture, and contributed to declines in infant mortality

1918 Influenza Pandemic

an epidemic that spread rapidly around the world following WWI, killing around 20 million people

Malaria

a disease is commonly associated with poverty and is spread by mosquitoes in tropical regions; each year 400,000 people (mostly in sub-Saharan Africa) die of this disease and 290 million are infected

Alzheimer's disease

an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning; associated with increased human longevity

climate change

a change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels.

knowledge economy

a society no longer based primarily on the production of material goods but instead on the production of knowledge (examples: Finland, Japan, US)

manufacturing economy

economy in which a large portion of employees are engaged in work that is aimed at producing manufactured products (examples: Vietnam, Bangladesh, Mexico, Honduras)

multinational corporation (MNC)

A large business organization operating in a number of different national economies; examples: Nestle, Nissan, Mahindra, Starbucks, McDonald's, Apple

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Founded in 1995, a global institution created to promote international trade and to settle international trade disputes; an indicator of a more globally connected economy

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)

Created in 1994, an agreement for free trade (no trade barriers) between the United States, Canada, and Mexico

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

founded in 1967, a trade organization for economic, political, social, and cultural cooperation among Southeast Asian nations (includes Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam)

Ronald Reagan

US President from 1981-1989; developed "Reaganomics" - the trickle down effect of government incentives embracing capitalist reforms and reducing government oversight in the economy. His meetings with Soviet President Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War.

Deng Xiaoping

Chinese Communist Party leader from 1978-1989 who was responsible for Chinese economic reforms, embracing more free market and capitalist policies after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976; opened China to foreign investment, allowed some private ownership; the country experienced remarkable economic growth

Margaret Thatcher

prime minister of Great Britain 1979-1990; dedicated to capitalist economic policies: pledged to limit social welfare, de-regulate nationalized industries, restrict union power, and end inflation; dominated British politics in 1980s

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

Bollywood

Indian version of Hollywood (film industry), centered in Mumbai (formerly Bombay); example of globalized culture where the West influenced South Asia which now influences the world

trading bloc

A group of neighboring countries that promote trade with each other and erect barriers to limit trade with members nations (ex: EU, NAFTA, ASEAN)

European Union

An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.

Consumerism

A preoccupation with the purchasing of material goods; a result of capitalist economic policies

Green Peace

an independent global campaigning network, founded in 1971 by a group of environmental activists. its goal is to "ensure the ability of the Earth to nurture life in all its diversity" and campaigns on worldwide issues: climate change, deforestation, overfishing, commercial whaling, genetic engineering, anti-war, and anti-nuclear issues

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

A 1948 statement from the United Nations that consists of 30 articles that set out, for the first time, fundamental human rights to be universally protected, including civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights.

Caste Reservation System

a system of affirmative action in India that allows the government and the states and union territories of India to allocate a specific percentage of reserved quotas or seats, in higher education admissions, employment, political bodies, etc., for "socially and economically backward citizens" (low castes)