A&P Exam 4

vocal tract

pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity

articulators

structures that effect changes in the shape of the vocal tract

articulation

adjustments in shape of coal tract by articulators

source filter theory

The model that describes how the vocal folds produce sound (source) and how the shape of the vocal tract modifies that sound (filter), affecting the quality and characteristics of the speech produced

fundamental frequency harmonies

vocal fold vibration creates a buzzing sound

number of bones in the skull

22

sutures

synarthrodial joints that fuse together in midlife

cranium

houses and protects brain

facial skeleton

framework for organs of mastication, speech, respiration, and muscles of facial expression

mandible

jaw, begins as paired bone with symphysis, fused at 6-9 months to become single bone

mental symphysis of manidble

point where two halves joined

mandible angle

point where arch stops and changes direction

mandible ramus

superior, lateral, posterior projections of arch, arising from angle

alveolar process

anterior process that contains teeth

condylar process

point of articulation with temporal bone at TMJ

TMJ

temporomandibular joint

coronoid process

anterior process of mandible at top of ramus for muscle attachment

maxilla

paired bone that forms upper jaw, contributes to formation of roof of mouth, floor and lateral walls of nasal cavity, floor of orbit, 4 processes

maxilla zygomatic process

articulates with the zygomatic bone, between anterior and posterior surfaces on lateral aspect of bone

maxilla frontal process

up by nose, superiorly directed plate on anterior surface

maxilla palatine process

horizontal plate that forms about 2/3-3/4 of hard palate

maxilla alveolar process

inferiorly directed process that contains the teeth

choana

passage from nasal cavity that connects to the throat

nasal bones

two small oblong plates that when placed side by side, form the bridge of the nose

smallest facial bone

lacrimal bone

lacrimal bone

lies lateral to the frontal process of maxilla, tear ducts

palatine bones

floor of orbit, posterior 1/4-1/3 of hard palate

posterior nasal spine

posterior directed spine, serves as landmark for x-ray studies of the skull

zygomatic bone

cheekbone with 4 processes (maxillary, orbital, temporal, frontosphenoidal)

inferior nasal concha

makes up inferior aspect of lateral wall of nasal cavity

vomer

inferior half of bony nasal septum

only moveable bone in facial skeleton

mandible

cranial bones

temporal, parietal, occipital, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid

sagittal suture

connects the two parietal bones

coronal suture

connects frontal and pairetal bones

lambdoid suture

connects parietal and occipital bones

craniosynostosis

premature fusing of sutures

posterior fontanelle

sagittal and lambdoid suture, by 6 months

anterior fontanelle

frontal and coronal suture, middle of second year

frontal bone

forms anterior part of brain case, vertical plate contributes to forehead, horizontal plate contributes to roof of orbit and nasal cavities

frontal bone zygomatic process

lateral to orbital surfaces for articulation with zygomatic bone

frontal bone ethmoid notch

midline notch called ethmoid notch articulates with ethmoid bone

parietal bones

form most of rounded cranium, each both roughly quadrilateral

occiptal bone

inferior and posterior portion of cranium

occiptal condyles

lateral to foramen magnum

foramen magnum

occipital bone hole that connects spine to brain stem and what not

temporal bones

paired bones forming most lateral base and sides of the brain case, three parts: squamous, petrous, tympanic

temporal squamous part

lateral, anterior, superior aspect of the bone, zygomatic process forms zygomatic arch, mandibular fossa part of TMJ and articulates with condylar process of mandible

temporal petrous part

at base of skull, houses cochlea and inner ear, includes mastoid process

temporal tympanic portion

anterior to mastoid process and between squamous and petrous portions, contains part of external auditory meatus and styloid process

ethmoid

hangs down from ethmoid notch, contributes to the walls of orbit, lateral walls of nasal cavity, bony nasal septum

ethmoid cribiform plate

horizontal plate that separates cranial and nasal cavities

ethmoid perpendicular plate

thin plate that forms upper portion of bony nasal septum

ethmoid superior and middle conchae

two lateral plates that form lateral walls of nasal cavity, complex curvature is to increase surface area to warm and humidify air

sphenoid bone

located at base of skull in front of foramen magnum

sphenoid body

forms posterior wall of nasal cavity

sphenoid lesser wings

contribute to anterior cranial fossa and superior wall of orbit

sphenoid greater wings

contribute to middle cranial fossa and posterior ½ of lateral wall of orbit

sphenoid pterygoid processes

medial and lateral, attachment of pterygoid muscles